Terrorism A Critique Of Excuses - 1378 Words

Michael Walzer is a highly accredited Political Theorist and is well known for breaking down ideas with reason. He is the type of person you would expect to apply reason to all situations. In his paper Terrorism: a Critique of Excuses, that terrorism is one of the greatest evils. You may be thinking, â€Å"of course everyone knows that.† However, I believe that he is wrong for saying this and that he should reconsider why someone resorts to terrorism. No one will or should advocates for Terrorism. (Walzer, p. 284) This is the start of his thesis and it is the basis for my objection. Terrorism is as bad as or even worse than rape and murder. Not only is it the killing of people but it is an intrusive fear. (Walzer, 1988, p. 283) He claims that since the acts are random, degrading, and frightening then they should be indefensible. Terroristic rage is purposeful and pragmatic. A Small number of dead victims make for a large population of scared hostages. It is also the strategic choices which make it worse than random acts of violence. Therefore Moral justification is ruled out. (Walzer, p. 284) Walzer also breaks down how people defend terrorism. The use of excuses instead of openly defending and justifying terrorism is the whole purpose of his paper. The support is indirect but not ineffective: I.e. apologetic descriptions and explanations. He states, â€Å"I take for granted: that every act of terrorism is a wrongful act.† (Walzer, p. 284) But he is where is will interject in hisShow MoreRelatedMilitary Strategy and Planning1649 Words   |  7 Pagestime, the U.S. had the upper hand in military strategy based on technology. Part 2 The years immediately following the Vietnam Conflict were difficult for U.S. foreign policy and military planning, preparation and organization. In many cases, critiques of consensus politics and Cold War attitudes came from the tremendous number of anti-Vietnam War activities, the nuclear freeze movement, and the general malaise and even outright hostility towards military operations in the psychology of much ofRead MoreThe Superhero Movie Industry1352 Words   |  6 Pagesmisogynistic writing is more telling of the predominantly male consumers/industry as a whole. With the internet recently allowing the conversation to become global and the recent push for equal rights and women s social issues, there should be no excuse for willful ignorance or gatekeeping with blatantly sexist motives. Grant Morrison’s All-Star Superman was a comic book series first published in 2005, written in an attempt to â€Å"strip down the Man of Steel to his timeless, essential elements.† InRead MoreEssay about Analysis of the Discourse and Rhetoric since September 112732 Words   |  11 Pagesthe Muslim world is a root cause of the actions of Osama bin Laden’s followers, classifying them as evil hurts efforts to put them â€Å"out of business.† Furthermore, he critiques the sort of discourse coming from Reverend Graham. He sees the Reverend’s rhetoric as false, ineffective, and a hindrance to solving the root causes of terrorism. This shows a split in the types of discourse regarding evil in relation to September 11. The attacks, by their violent and shocking nature, have undoubtedly hadRead MoreHegemonic States Are Ultimately Set To Fail. These States1831 Words   |  8 PagesUS’s foreign policy, Chomsky reveals that the dimensions of the s tate and society that claim any state can be a terrorist, client-state relationships are unstable, and criticizes the concept of â€Å"preventative war.† Chomsky brings about the topic of terrorism and points out the double standards of the United States as well as American exceptionalism. Chomsky believes that the US tries to control other societies that do not hold up the same ideals and interests as it does. He is critical of American imperialismRead MoreThe War On Terror And Terrorism1762 Words   |  8 Pagesattacks of September 11, 2001, the Bush administration declared a worldwide war on terror,† consisting of open and covert military operations and security legislations in an effort to block the financing of terrorism. The U.S. called for states across world to join their fight against terrorism (Globalpolicy.org, 2015). This essay will be arguing if the U.S. was justified in their advances or if they have used the attacks against them in order to launch a war against those it suspected, using theRead MoreGeorge W. Bush s The War On Terror2546 Words   |  11 Pages‘self/other paradigm’ which fundamentally underlies orientalist thinking, where the US utilizes this space to affirm the role of the one who is ‘not the terrorist’ (even if the ‘not terrorist’ is committing acts that might otherwise be associated with terrorism). In the U.S. World on Terror this plays out principally as ‘Muslim terrorists’ and ‘American citizens’. This further supports the idea that the War on Terror purposefully aimed to create the image of the terrorist in line with orientalism discourseRead MoreBeing Safe Is More Important Than Being Free2031 Words   |  9 Pages12 year old male playing in the park with a water gun, the discloser said that they were unsure whether it was real or not; as a consequence the little boy was shot. Freedom of the use of guns means that the term of defence can also be used as an excuse to hurt others unlawfully in a lawful manner. The police officer was offered a trial and was never punished for its crime; his potential fear of being threatened has allowed him to take away a young child’s life. In contrast, the right of gun possessionRead MoreTerrorism by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad3663 Words   |  15 PagesTerrorism by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad Brandin P. Lea SCTY 488 – Terrorism and Homeland Security December 26, 2010 Professor Eric Witcher Abstract It has been the case that over the duration that mankind has graced the planet there has been group’s hell bent on enacting their beliefs and values upon the rest of the world. As time has passed there have been many times that these groups have changed the face of the planet permanently. You can look at any organized religious group andRead MoreDo Artifacts Have Politics2285 Words   |  10 Pagespossibilities to improve and remedy social problems, like the ones we encounter in the environmental area. Technology is not just a negative force that needs to be checked; it is also a positive force to be made use of. (Knut H. Sà ¸rensen). Different critiques to Winner have also emerged. The constructivists argue that the development and implications of technologies are highly complex, and cannot simply be ‘read off official statements or intentions. In this view, the study of technology and politicsRead MoreThe Impact Of Black Friday On American Symbols, Values And Interests6556 Words   |  27 Pagescolonies had been taken from their inhabitants in not a very pretty way. The US preferred to call Hawaii and the Philippines a â€Å"territory† but they were in effect colonies. At any rate, the 9/11 attacks provided President G. W. Bush with some good excuses to show the whole world the willingness of his country to chase and bring the perpetrators, be they terrorists per se or those who harbor them, to justice at any cost. Upon a meeting with his national security advisors at Camp David on September

Alcoholics Anonymous And The Philosophies Essay - 1883 Words

Alcoholics Anonymous and The Philosophies in Between: Conflicting Philosophies Between the Original Twelve-Step Alcohol’s Anonymous Program and The New Counseling Profession Brandon R. McIver University of Oregon Abstract This paper concerns the notoriously well known successful treatment program, Alcoholics Anonymous twelve-step program, and contrasts it to what would be referred to as a revised version of the original program. Alcoholics Anonymous has been one of the primary sources of addiction recovery in individuals for numerous years. It allows its participants, who are deemed to be part of an international fellowship of both men and women alike, an opportunity to join in a camaraderie that is self-supporting, multiracial, nonprofessional, and conveniently available in a variety of locations. It aims to let its participants share personal experiences and partake in a group atmosphere where the lead counselor bans judgment. The fundamental values of Alcoholics Anonymous exist in the twelve core steps that attendees are encouraged to follow in an effort to redeem control of their alcohol addiction problem. Alcoholics Anonymous has been proven to change participants’ principal values an d assist them in changing their perceived outlook on life for an increased potential at living a healthier and addiction free lifestyle. However, the twelve core values of Alcoholics Anonymous have been challenged and questioned in an effort toShow MoreRelatedThe Treatment Philosophy Of Alcoholics Anonymous Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesMeeting attended: Alcoholics Anonymous, Serenity Group, Urban Ministries, 03/07/2016, 1200. The treatment philosophy of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is that of a 12-step program, additionally, the group caters to individuals who are recovering, or trying to recover from alcoholism. This group only focuses on alcohol abuse/misuse and not any other types of addiction. The 12-step program used by AA uses a person s spirituality to focus their attention on their higher power and how they might draw strengthRead MoreAlcoholics Anonymous An Open Meeting1188 Words   |  5 PagesAlcoholics Anonymous an Open Meeting Dominique Steinburg describes mutual aid as a process through which people develop collaborative, supportive, and trustworthy relationships; identify and use existing strengths and/or to develop new ones; and work together toward individual and/or collective psychosocial goals. (Steinburg, 2010) Alcoholics Anonymous is mutual aid group that supports individuals in their recovery from alcohol dependence. Established in the mid 1930’s, Alcoholics Anonymous wasRead More12-Step Research Paper1506 Words   |  7 Pagesnearly all recovery programs still in use today. The program was originally called Twelve Steps for Alcoholics and is now referred to as the Twelve Step Program. The origins of the Twelve Step Program are unique. The Twelve-Step Program was the creation of a gentleman named Bill Wilson. Wilson was a stockbroker originally from New York who moved to Akron, Ohio, in 1935. Wilson was an alcoholic. After his relocation to Akron, he was extremely lonely and his drinking increased; in spite of thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On The Alcoholic874 Words   |  4 Pagesthe alcoholic and the people around them, but it does so in a much different way than a disease such as cancer. Instead, alcoholism is a disease of both physical and mental dependence. Most diseases are treated by surgery or medication, but the only way to fix the problem of alcohol abuse is by changing the mindset of the alcoholic. This is why Hazelden Betty Ford uses mental adjustment techniques to treat alcoholics at its centers. Their philosophy relies on the fact that the alcoholic is mentallyRead MoreMy Critique Of Yoga And The Clinical World Of Counseling1633 Words   |  7 PagesThe authors highlight this with a n insightful quote from Vytas Baskauskas, a recovering addict who also teaches yoga in Santa Monica, CA. â€Å"When you’re an addict,† Baskauskas says, â€Å"you often have a hole in your life, and by filling it with the philosophy of yoga, God—whatever you want to call it—that’s a high too. But it’s a high that won’t kill your relationships, hurt your family, or your body.† (Yoga for Addiction Recovery, Yoga Journal 2012) Baskauskas, according to the article, suffered fromRead MoreWilliam Griffith Wilson: Co-Founder of Alcoholic Anonymous1390 Words   |  6 Pageseventually married on January 24, 1918 right before Bill had left for World War I. (â€Å"Bill Wilson†, 2012). Bill W. served as a Second Lieutenant in the Coast Artillery. Bill had finally, in the military, experienced his â€Å"first drink†. According to Alcoholics Anonymous (2001), Bill stated, â€Å" I had found the elixir of life.† This first drink led to the second and all the drinks in the years to come for Bill, as he began drinking heavily and excessively. After the war, he went to live with Lois in New YorkRead MoreAlcoholics Anonymous : A History, Its Implications And The Meeting1531 Words   |  7 PagesAlcoholics Anonymous: A History, its Implications and the Meeting Support groups, how well do support groups actually benefit individuals and how are these support groups incorporated so that the techniques can actually assist someone? In researching this particular topic of Alcoholic Anonymous the results indicated that there is a diversity of AA groups. Although they all have the same objective there are variations in methods and techniques which are implemented to be able to infiltrate theRead More Alcoholics Anonymous Essay1355 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"early A.A.† refers to the early fellowships and meetings held in Akron, Ohio. These meetings took place between 1935 and 1939 when Alcoholics Anonymous was an integral part of â€Å"A First Century Christian Fellowship† (Pitman 56). A.A. was the outcome of a meeting between Bill W., a New York stockbroker, and Dr. Bob S., an Akron surgeon. Both had been hopeless alcoholics (Fingarette 14). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Before this time, Bill and Dr. Bob had each been in contact with the Oxford Group,Read MoreAlcoholics Anonymous : An International Mutual Aid Fellowship1574 Words   |  7 PagesAlcoholics Anonymous is an international mutual aid fellowship founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith in Akron, Ohio. AA states that its primary purpose is to help alcoholics to stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety. With other early members Bill Wilson and Bob Smith developed AA s Twelve Step program of spiritual and character development. AA s initial Twelve Traditions were introduced in 1946 to help the fellowship be stable and unified while disengaged from outsideRead MoreCounseling For Alcohol And Drug Abuse1679 Words   |  7 Pagesor actively in recovery, the clinician must take their time with introducing the 12 Steps. The individual may not be open to the 12 Step philosophies at the onset. Addiction is very complex and actively affects the person o n a daily basis; therefore, it is so important to start from the beginning of counseling to create a structured program. Alcoholics Anonymous has given a wonderful platform of structure for the addicted ones to create a safe, solid, 12 Step guideline to follow, in order to maintain

Essay on Examining the Possible Causes of the Cold War

The causes of the Cold War and how it developed into one of the largest unarmed struggles in history have been subject to much debate and consequently a number of schools of thought have developed as to the origins of the Cold War. These proposed explanations to the causes of the Cold War have consisted of the orthodox, revisionist and post-revisionist theories. Each theory demonstrates a different viewpoint as to how a variety of political, economic and militaristic factors instigated the Cold War The Cold War was the political, social, economic and militaristic struggle between communism and capitalist participated in primarily by the communist Soviet Union and the capitalist USA and their respective allies from approximately 1947†¦show more content†¦This expansionism developed between 1945 and 1953. The Soviet Union installed communist governments in many of the nations that had been controlled by Germany during the war including East Germany and Poland, and in 1947 attempted to install a communist government in Greece, while from 1950-1953 was funding communist North Korea in their war to integrate the south into a united communist state. In light of these aggressive and expansionist policies, the USA could not allow the USSR to disrupt the geopolitical balance of the world and was forced to intervene against the Soviet Union, which is where, according to the orthodox theory where one of the major causes of the Cold War lies. Lenin illustrated the incompatibility of the Soviets and the US’s respective ideologies when he wrote-â€Å"†¦as long as capitalism and socialism exist we cannot live in peace; in the end one or the other will triumph†¦.† The USA was capitalist while the Soviet Union was communist and each state had a strong belief in the superiority of it own ideology. Stalin’s paranoia led to the Soviet Union believing that capitalism was determined to destroy the USSR and communism. The Orthodox theory states that this clash of ideologies brewed mistrust and hostility between the superpowers and contributed in part, to the Cold War The Revisionist Explanation holds the view that the cause of the Cold War can be attributed to US expansionism, both economically and militaristically. TheShow MoreRelatedAnti-Communism in America867 Words   |  4 Pagesideologies and its possible spread in the world. As a result, the ideological war period known as the â€Å"Cold War† was developed. With the end of World War II, the USA emerged with a renewed sense of confidence as they believed that their role in the Allie alliance was a key factor when defeating their enemy powers. It was not long, however, before ironically, this alliance between USA and USSR would be the cause for rising tensions in the world. It can be suggested that the rise of Cold War tensions ledRead MoreCauses of the Cold War Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"It is clear that fear, greed and revenge were the major factors that caused the Cold War† How far do you agree with this statement when analyzing the causes of the Cold War up to 1 949? The responsibility of the origins of the Cold War often triggers questions among historians yet both powers should be blamed for taking part in it. The origins of the Cold War can often be associated with fear, greed and revenge. Through most analyses, the fault was often given to Stalin’s ambitions to expandRead MoreWhy China Won t Overtake The United States Authored By Stephen G. Brooks1697 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussion During the â€Å"duck and cover† era of the cold war when people in the US worried about Russian mushroom clouds and an ensuing tank invasion of Europe, we know that the two true ‘hot wars’ of the cold war both took place in Asia, the war in Korea and the war in Vietnam. While both undeniably included the clandestine involvement of the Soviet Union, history tells us that both of those conflicts were at the very least logistically, if not directly, proxy wars with Communist China. In fact, due to theRead MoreFour approaches to the political economy development of Latin America1734 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy of the economic development of Latin America: Hegemonic Stability, Dependency, Class Analysis and Neoliberalism. The need for a more accurate theoretical framework, [than modernism] to analyze and interpret the causes for development and underdevelopment, and a possible way of explaining the unrelenting poverty of the underdeveloped countries gave rise to the Dependency Theory. Under the umbrella of this theory is the acknowledgement that the nation-state forms part of an InternationalRead MoreHarry Truman857 Words   |  4 PagesAssess the validity of this statement by examining the Foreign Policy implemented during Truman’s presidency. At the end of the Second World War two major issues were brought to attention. The first was dealing with the destruction of the global catastrophe. The second issue involved the shape of the new world and what political alliances were to be made. And although the U.S. and Russia were â€Å"allies† during the war the second issue was the foremost cause of the contention between the world’s twoRead MoreThe War Of The Soviet Union1524 Words   |  7 PagesKorean airliner being shot down by the Russians. I remember the German kid who flew a single-engine plane to Red Square in Moscow. I remember that my parents didn t let me watch The Day After. I remember prime-time news specials describing the Star Wars missile defense. But as a kid, I didn t know the real significance of any of this stuff, and of course many of the details were classified at the time. This book covers all that and more, and it s fascinating to go back and read what was going onRead More World War I Ess ay1474 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I:Total War Europe since pre-Roman times has been marked by conflict. Warring tribes often did battle in small skirmishes and hand-to-hand combat. But as the civilizations grew and technology improved the battles became larger and much more intense. With the Industrial revolution, warfare would change forever. This can be best seen in World War One. The â€Å"war to end all wars† gradually escalated to a global conflict, dragging the super powers into a four year struggle. World WarRead MoreU.s. National Security Strategy1382 Words   |  6 Pages The Way Ahead for American and Iranian Relations: Engaging in a Cold War Over the past 37 years, Iran has become one of the most complex and stubborn national security strategy issues that the United States has had to deal with. Once a key U.S. ally in the region, Iran is now a chief protagonist. To complicate matters, recently, the U.S. has found itself simultaneously an adversary and a quasi-ally of Iran. An example of this duality would be: on one hand, Iran has provided support to terroristRead More The Historiography of the Origins of the Cold War Essay2691 Words   |  11 PagesHistoriography of the Origins of the Cold War There have been many attempts to explain the origins of the Cold War that developed between the capitalist West and the communist East after the Second World War. Indeed, there is great disagreement in explaining the source for the Cold War; some explanations draw on events pre-1945; some draw only on issues of ideology; others look to economics; security concerns dominate some arguments; personalities are seen as the root cause for some historians. So wideRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb On Japan5502 Words   |  23 Pageson August 9th, 1945 was the first and last time the weapon has been used to date; the atomic explosions exposed the true potential of nuclear warfare whilst also highlighting the global superiority that America possessed at the conclusion of World War II. On August 6th, 1945 â€Å"Little Boy†, a uranium atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in an effort by the United States (U.S.) and backed by the Soviet Union, the British and the Chinese to force a Japanese surrender. However, American intelligence suggested

Disney s Current Published Mission Statement Essay

Disney s Current Published Mission Statement Walt Disney s does not have a distributed vision articulation. On the other hand, their current Statement of purpose can be found on their site (The Walt Disney Company, n.d.). The current statement of purpose peruses as takes after: The mission of The Walt Disney Company is to be one of the world s driving makers and suppliers of diversion and data. Utilizing our arrangement of brands to separate our substance, administrations and customer items, we try to build up the most imaginative, creative and productive diversion encounters and related items on the planet. The statement of purpose is liable to feedback and appears to be just about as though it is obsolete. For illustration, Walt Disney is effectively one of the world s driving makers of the merchandise and administrations it markets. Accordingly, there is no heading or reason inalienable in this announcement other than the upkeep of its present position. Besides, Disney s Media Networks accounts for the biggest income generator (43%) among distinctive SBUs. On the other hand, it just about appears as in the event that the part of data supplier is fairly made light of by the restating of their devotion to stimulation in the second piece of the statement of purpose. With these reactions at the top of the priority list, an upgraded rendition of the statement of purpose will be proposed. The proposed statement of purpose for the organization is somewhat lengthier yetShow MoreRelatedDisneys Brands Success1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe Walt Disney Company has been successfully creating and c apturing value for their customers for over nine decades. With a net worth of 74.9 billion dollars, Disney has claimed the title as of one of the most profitable companies in the world. Their product line is extensive, as they currently own and run a successful media network, several theme parks and resorts worldwide, an extensive merchandise line, a studio entertainment sector, as well as Disney Interactive. Disney’s brand’s success hindersRead MoreMarketing Research Pixar1591 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Research is imperative to Disney Pixars success. Marketing research is the process in which managers perform to gather information effectively to introduce their products and services to their target market. Although the amount of time required for this research depends on the size of the target market and the companys line of business, there is a defined process used to implement the companys products or services. This process includes 1) assessing information needs, 2) developing neededRead MoreThe Executive Management Team For Walt Disney Company Essay2147 Words   |  9 PagesThe Walt Disney Company have many assets available which include film, television, publishing, the internet, and music. The executive management team for Walt Disney has put Disney on top as one of the world’s top conglomerates, making $14.28 billion in Quarter Three in 2016. They regularly find different and new innovative ways to promote and sell their brands through various media segments to have a revenue increase and it has helped Disney to successfully complete its mission to position itselfRead MoreExecutive Officer Of The Walt Disney2179 Words   |  9 Pagesrecreation, Walt Disney is one of the world’s largest conglomerate in terms of revenue, making $14.28 billion in Quarter Three in 2016. They regularly find different and new innovative ways to promote and sell their brands through various media segments to have a revenue increase and it has helped Disney to successfully complete its mission to position itself as one of the world’s leader of entertainment. Robert A. Iger is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Walt Disney Company. As ChairmanRead More Walt Disney Company Essay4270 Words   |  18 PagesWalt Disney Company Introduction This report attempts to examine the Walt Disney Company as an organization whose international operations play a vital role in the company’s continuing existence. This report seeks to present a review and analysis of the company’s global strategy by analyzing the key internal and external factors that impact on the company and how it has used alliances and acquisitions as part of its global strategy. As a human technology-intensive company, this paper seeksRead MoreMiss4099 Words   |  17 Pagesmarketing. Answer False 3. Specific marketing tools designed to build and enhance customer relationships include club marketing programs and frequency programs. Answer True 4.Product, price, place and promotion make up the elements of a firm s marketing mix. Answer True 5. When sellers focus on existing needs and lose sight of underlying customer wants, they suffer from marketing myopia. Answer False 6. The elements of the extended marketing mix are price, place, promotion and productRead MoreDiversity at Disney5774 Words   |  24 Pages1 Disney Disney 2 For more than nine decades, the name Walt Disney has been preeminent in the field of family entertainment. From humble beginnings as a cartoon studio in the 1920s to today s global corporation, Disney continues to proudly provide quality entertainment for every member of the family, across America and around the world. The company is diversified, focusing on its mass media headquartered inRead MoreMarketing Pl A New Product Line Of A Non Alcoholic Craft Beer, Mountain Brew Review5247 Words   |  21 PagesProducts or services need to be bought. Without marketing, this is generally not going to happen. Marketing is a planned set of phases, either simple or complex, or in between. Marketing plans include an overview, mission statement, SWOT analysis, marketing objectives and strategies, and, lastly, implementation, evaluation, and control. This is the exploration of such a marketing plan for a new product line of a non-alcoholic craft beer, â€Å"Mountain Brew Review† (MB R), created under the umbrellaRead MoreMcdonalds Project.Pdf File11266 Words   |  46 Pagesperception. It may also give brand name to your product which will help you to run your business in new markets smooth and efficient manner. First of all the main purpose of your marketing strategy should be to identify the weather the target customer ¶s are satisfied with your product and services of your business. Once you have created and implemented your strategy, try to identify the feed from you customer and if any changes or improvement is required apply it for the maximum satisfaction of customersRead MoreCarnival Cruise Lines: Long and Short Term Strategies Essay8254 Words   |  34 PagesCarnival Cruise Lines: Long and Short Term Strategies Contents Contents 2 History of the Carnival Corp 3 Mission and Vision Statements 5 SWOT Analysis 6 Business Ethics for Carnival Cruise Lines 8 Social, Cultural, Demographic, and Environmental Forces 10 Social Forces 10 Cultural Forces 10 Demographic Forces 10 Environmental Forces 11 External Forces 11 Economic forces 11 Government, Legal, and Political Forces 13 Internal Operations Strengths and Weaknesses 16 Management

Blood Promise Chapter Twenty-Nine Free Essays

string(76) " set out to do, that image of Dimitri falling and falling still haunted me\." The flight was more like thirty hours. Getting from the middle of Siberia to the middle of Montana wasn’t easy. I flew from Novosibirsk to Moscow to Amsterdam to Seattle to Missoula. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Promise Chapter Twenty-Nine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Four different flights. Five different airports. A lot of running around. It was exhausting, yet when I handed over my passport to get back into the U.S. in Seattle, I felt a strange surge of emotion in me†¦ joy and relief. Before leaving Russia, I had thought Abe might come back with me and finish his task himself, hand-delivering me to whomever had hired him. â€Å"You really are going back now, aren’t you?† he asked at the airport. â€Å"To the school? You aren’t going to get off at one of your stops and disappear?† I smiled. â€Å"No. I’m going back to St. Vladimir’s.† â€Å"And you’ll stay there?† he pressed. He didn’t quite look as dangerous as he had in Baia, but I could see a glint of hardness in his eyes. My smile slipped. â€Å"I don’t know what’s going to happen. I don’t have a place there anymore.† â€Å"Rose-â€Å" I held up a hand to stop him, surprised at my own determination. â€Å"Enough. No after-school specials. You said you were hired to get me back there. It isn’t your job to say what I do after that.† At least, I hoped not. Whoever wanted me back had to be someone at the Academy. I’d be there soon. They had won. Abe’s services were no longer required. Despite his victory, he didn’t look happy about relinquishing me. Glancing up at one of the departure boards, he sighed. â€Å"You need to go through security, or you’ll miss your flight.† I nodded. â€Å"Thanks for†¦Ã¢â‚¬  What exactly? His help? â€Å"†¦ For everything.† I started to turn away, but he touched my shoulder. â€Å"Is that all you’re wearing?† Most of my clothing had been scattered around Russia. One of the other Alchemists had located shoes, jeans, and a sweater, but otherwise, I was winging it until I got back to the U.S. â€Å"I don’t really need anything else,† I told him. Abe arched an eyebrow. Turning to one of his guardians, he made a small gesture toward me. Immediately, the guardian took off his coat and handed it over. The guy was lanky, but the coat was still too big for me. â€Å"No, I don’t need-â€Å" â€Å"Take it,† ordered Abe. I took it, and then to my further shock, Abe began unwinding the scarf from around his neck. It was one of his nicer ones, too: cashmere, woven with an array of brilliant colors, more suited to the Caribbean than here or Montana. I started to protest this as well, but the look on his face silenced me. I put the scarf around my neck and thanked him, wondering if I’d ever see him again. I didn’t bother asking because I had a feeling he wouldn’t tell me anyway. When I finally landed in Missoula thirty hours later, I was pretty sure I didn’t want to fly in a plane anytime soon-as in, like, the next five years. Maybe ten. Without any luggage, getting out of the airport was easy. Abe had sent word ahead of my arrival, but I had no idea who they’d send to get me. Alberta, who ran the guardians at St. Vladimir’s, seemed a likely choice. Or maybe it would be my mother. I never knew where she was at any given moment, and suddenly, I really, really wanted to see her. She would be a logical choice too. So it was with some surprise that I saw that the person waiting for me at the airport’s exit was Adrian. A grin spread over my face, and I picked up the pace. I threw my arms around him, astonishing both of us. â€Å"I have never been happier to see you in my life,† I said. He squeezed me tightly and then let me go, regarding me admiringly. â€Å"The dreams never do justice to real life, little dhampir. You look amazing.† I’d cleaned up after the ordeal with the Strigoi, and Oksana had continued healing me in spite of my protests-even the bruises on my neck, which she had never asked about. I didn’t want anyone else to know about those. â€Å"And you look†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I studied him. He was dressed as nicely as always, with a three-quarter-length wool coat and green scarf that matched his eyes. His dark brown hair had that crafted messiness he liked, but his face-ah, well. As I’d noted before, Simon had gotten a few good punches on him. One of Adrian’s eyes was swollen and ringed with bruises. Nonetheless, thinking about him and everything he’d done†¦ well, none of the flaws mattered. â€Å"†¦ Gorgeous.† â€Å"Liar,† he said. â€Å"Couldn’t Lissa have healed that black eye away?† â€Å"It’s a badge of honor. Makes me seem manly. Come on, your carriage awaits.† â€Å"Why’d they send you?† I asked as we walked toward the parking lot. â€Å"You are sober, aren’t you?† Adrian didn’t dignify that with an answer. â€Å"Well, the school has no official responsibility to you, seeing as you’re a dropout and everything. So they weren’t really obligated to come get you. None of your other friends can leave campus†¦ but me? I’m just a free spirit, hanging out. So I borrowed a car, and here I am.† His words sparked mixed reactions in me. I was touched that he’d taken the trouble to come out here but was bothered by the part about the school having no responsibility to me. Throughout all my travels, I’d gone back and forth in thinking of St. Vladimir’s as home†¦ yet, in the most technical terms, it truly wasn’t anymore. I would just be a visitor. As we settled into the drive, Adrian caught me up on the aftermath at the school. After the big psychic showdown, I hadn’t delved much into Lissa’s mind. Oksana had healed my body, but mentally, I was still exhausted and grieving. Even though I’d accomplished what I set out to do, that image of Dimitri falling and falling still haunted me. You read "Blood Promise Chapter Twenty-Nine" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"It turns out you were right about Avery bonding Simon and Reed,† Adrian said. â€Å"From what information we could gather, it sounds like Simon was killed in a fight that Avery witnessed years ago. Everyone thought it was a miracle he survived, not actually realizing the truth.† â€Å"She kept her powers hidden like the rest of you,† I mused. â€Å"And then Reed died later?† â€Å"Well, that’s the weird thing,† said Adrian, frowning. â€Å"No one can really tell when he died. I mean, he’s royal. He’s been pampered his whole life, right? But based on what we could get out of him-which wasn’t much, since they’re all pretty messed up now-it sounds like Avery may have intentionally killed him and then brought him back.† â€Å"Just like with Lissa,† I said, recalling Simon’s words during the fight. â€Å"Avery wanted to kill her, bring her back, and bond her. But why Lissa of all people?† â€Å"My guess? Because she’s a spirit user. Now that spirit’s not a secret anymore, it was only a matter of time before Avery heard about Lissa and me. I think Avery thought bonding Lissa would increase her own power. As it was, she was sucking up a lot of energy from those other two.† Adrian shook his head. â€Å"I wasn’t kidding about sensing that spirit all the way across campus. The amounts Avery had to wield to compel so many people, mask her aura, and who knows what else†¦ well, it was staggering.† I stared off at the freeway ahead of us, considering the consequences of Avery’s actions. â€Å"And that’s why Reed was so messed up-why he was so angry and ready for a fight. He and Simon were absorbing all that darkness she was producing by using spirit. Just like I do with Lissa.† â€Å"Yeah, except you were nothing like these guys. It wasn’t so obvious with Simon-he was better at keeping a straight face-but both of them were totally on the edge. And now? They’re over the edge. All three of them are.† I recalled Simon staring at nothing and Avery screaming. I shivered. â€Å"When you say over the edge†¦?† â€Å"I mean totally and completely insane. Those three are going to be institutionalized for the rest of their lives.† â€Å"From what you†¦ we all did?† I asked, aghast. â€Å"Partly,† he agreed. â€Å"Avery was throwing all that power at us, and when we threw it back and then some†¦ well, I think it was like an overload to their minds. And to be honest, considering how Reed and Simon already were, the stage was probably set for this. With Avery too.† â€Å"Mark was right,† I murmured. â€Å"Who?† â€Å"The other shadow-kissed guy I met. He was talking about how Lissa and I might be able to heal the darkness away from each other someday. It takes a careful balance of power between the spirit user and the shadow-kissed. I still don’t fully get it, but I’m guessing Avery’s little circle of three wouldn’t have been able to handle that kind of balancing act. I don’t think bonding to more than one person is healthy.† â€Å"Huh.† Adrian didn’t say anything for a while and simply pondered all this. Finally, he laughed. â€Å"Man, I can’t believe you found another spirit user and shadow-kissed person. It’s like finding a needle in a haystack, but that kind of thing always happens to you. I can’t wait to hear the rest of what you’ve been doing.† I looked away and rested my cheek against the glass. â€Å"It’s actually not very interesting.† None of the Academy officials knew about my role in the showdown with Avery. So it wasn’t like anyone questioned me when we got back. They were still doing cleanup and asking Adrian and Lissa a lot of questions. Spirit was still such a new phenomenon that no one knew what to think of what had happened. Avery and her bondmates had been taken away for help, and her father had already gone on a temporary leave of absence. Adrian signed me in as his guest, which got me a campus pass. Like all visitors, I was also given a list of where I’d stay and what I could and couldn’t do. I promptly ignored it. â€Å"I have to go,† I told Adrian immediately. He gave me a knowing smile. â€Å"I figured.† â€Å"Thank you†¦ for coming to get me. I’m sorry I’ve got to leave you-â€Å" He waved off my worries. â€Å"You aren’t leaving me. You’re back; that’s what counts. I’ve been patient this long-I can hold out a little longer.† I held his eyes for a moment, startled at the warm feelings that suddenly bubbled up within me. I kept them to myself, though, only giving Adrian a quick smile before I set off across campus. I got a lot of strange looks when I went to Lissa’s dorm. It was right after classes had ended, so student traffic was pretty busy with people rushing in or out to get somewhere. Yet, when I passed by, silence fell and people stopped moving and talking. It reminded me of when Lissa and I had been returned to school after running away. We’d been marched through the cafeteria and had received similar treatment from our peers. Maybe it was just my imagination, but it seemed worse this time. The looks more shocked. The silence heavier. Last time, I think people had believed we’d run off as some sort of prank. This time, no one really knew why I’d left. I’d come out of the school’s attack a hero, only to drop out and disappear. I think some of Lissa’s dorm mates thought they were seeing a ghost. Ignoring the gossip and opinions of others was something I had a lot of practice with, and I sprinted past the onlookers without a backward glance, taking the stairs two at a time. I shut myself off to Lissa’s feelings as I walked down her hall. It seemed silly, but I wanted to be surprised. I just wanted to open my eyes and see her in person, with no warnings as to how she was feeling or what she was thinking. I knocked on the door. Adrian had said seeing me in dreams couldn’t compare to seeing me in person. The same was true with Lissa. Being in her head was nothing like being near her in reality. The door opened, and it was like an apparition materializing before me, some sort of heavenly messenger descended from above. I’d never been away from her for this long, and after all this time, part of me wondered if I was imagining this. Her hand went to her mouth, and she stared at me wide-eyed. I think she felt the same way-and she hadn’t even had warning of my visit. She’d just been told I was coming â€Å"soon.† No doubt I seemed like a phantom to her, too. And with that reunion†¦ it was like I was emerging from a cave-one I’d been in for almost five weeks-into the bright light of day. When Dimitri had turned, I’d felt like I’d lost part of my soul. When I’d left Lissa, another piece had gone. Now, seeing her†¦ I began to think maybe my soul might be able to heal. Maybe I could go on after all. I didn’t feel 100 percent whole yet, but her presence filled up that missing part of me. I felt more like myself than I had in ages. A world of questions and confusion hung in the silence between us. In spite of everything we’d been through with Avery, there was still a lot of unresolved business from when I had first left the school. For the first time since I’d set foot on the Academy’s grounds, I felt afraid. Afraid that Lissa would reject me or scream at me for what I’d done. Instead, she drew me into a giant hug. â€Å"I knew it,† she said. She was already choking on her sobs. â€Å"I knew you’d come back.† â€Å"Of course,† I murmured into her shoulder. â€Å"I said I would.† My best friend. I had my best friend back. If I had her, I could recover from what had happened in Siberia. I could go on with my life. â€Å"I’m sorry,† she said. â€Å"So sorry for what I did.† I pulled away in surprise. Stepping into the room, I shut the door behind us. â€Å"Sorry? What do you have to be sorry for?† Despite my joy at seeing her, I’d come here expecting her to still be angry at me for leaving. None of that mess with Avery would have happened if I’d stayed around. I blamed myself. She sat down on her bed, eyes wet. â€Å"For what I said†¦ when you left. I had no right to say the things I did. I have no right to control you. And I feel horrible because†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She ran a hand over her eyes, trying to dry the worst of the tears. â€Å"I feel horrible because I told you I wouldn’t bring back Dimitri. I mean, I know it didn’t matter, but I should have still offered to-â€Å" â€Å"No, no!† I sank down in front of her and grabbed her hands, still awed to be with her again. â€Å"Look at me. You have nothing to be sorry for. I said things I shouldn’t have, too. It happens when people are upset. Neither of us should beat ourselves up over it. And as for bringing him back†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I sighed. â€Å"You did the right thing in refusing. Even if we had found him before he’d been turned, it wouldn’t have mattered. You can’t safely bond more than one person. That’s what went wrong with Avery.† Well, that was part of what had gone wrong with Avery. Manipulation and abuse of power had played a huge role too. Lissa’s sobs quieted. â€Å"How did you do that, Rose? How were you there at the end when I needed you? How did you know?† â€Å"I was with another spirit user. I met her in Siberia. She can actively reach into people’s minds-anyone’s, not just those she’s bonded to-and communicate. Like Avery could, actually. Oksana reached into me while I connected to you. It’s really strange how it all went down.† To say the least. â€Å"Another power I don’t have,† said Lissa ruefully. I grinned. â€Å"Hey, I have yet to meet any spirit user who can throw a punch like you can. That was poetry in motion, Liss.† She groaned, but I sensed her pleasure at my use of the old nickname. â€Å"I hope I don’t ever have to do that again. I’m not meant to be a fighter, Rose. You’re the one who charges out there. I’m the one who waits with moral support and post-battle healing.† She held up her hands and looked at them. â€Å"Ugh. No. I definitely don’t want to do any more hitting or punching.† â€Å"But at least now you know you can. If you ever want to practice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No!† She laughed. â€Å"I’ve got too many things to practice with Adrian now-especially after you keep telling me about more and more things that everyone else can do with spirit.† â€Å"Fine. Maybe it’s best if things go back to how they were.† Her face sobered. â€Å"God, I hope so. Rose†¦ I did so many stupid things while Avery was around.† Through the bond, I felt her greatest regret: Christian. Her heart ached for him, and she’d shed a lot of tears. After having Dimitri ripped away from me, I knew how it felt to lose that kind of love, and I swore to myself that I’d do something to help her. But now wasn’t the time. She and I need to reconnect first. â€Å"You couldn’t help it, though,† I pointed out. â€Å"She was too strong with her compulsion-especially when she got you to drink and killed your defenses.† â€Å"Yeah, but not everyone knows that or will understand it.† â€Å"They’ll forget,† I said. â€Å"They always do.† I understood her angst over her reputation, but I doubted there would be any truly permanent damage-aside from Christian. Adrian and I had analyzed Avery’s manipulation and figured things out once we’d paired it with Simon’s comment about Lissa having an unfortunate accident. Avery had wanted to make Lissa look unstable in the event Avery somehow didn’t have the strength to resurrect her. If Lissa actually died, no one would investigate much. After weeks of crazy, drunken behavior, her losing control and accidentally falling out of a window would be tragic but not completely out of the realm of possibility. â€Å"Spirit’s a pain in the ass,† Lissa declared. â€Å"Everyone wants to take advantage of you-non-users like Victor and users like Avery. I swear, I’d go back on my medication if I wasn’t paranoid now about protecting myself from other Avery-type people. Why’d she want to kill me and not Adrian? Why am I always the target?† I couldn’t help a smile in spite of the grim topic. â€Å"Because she wanted you for a minion and him for a boyfriend. She probably wanted a guy who could help escalate her rise in society and couldn’t risk killing him in a bonding attempt. Or who knows? Maybe she would have eventually tried him, too. I honestly wouldn’t be surprised if she felt threatened by you and wanted to make sure she had the only other known female spirit user under her control. Face it, Liss. We could spend hours trying to figure out how Avery Lazar thinks and get nowhere.† â€Å"True, true.† She slid off the bed and sat next to me on the floor. â€Å"But you know what? I feel like we could talk about anything for hours. You’ve been here ten minutes, and it’s like†¦ well, it’s like you never left.† â€Å"Yeah,† I agreed. Before he was a Strigoi, being with Dimitri had always felt natural and right. Being with Lissa also felt natural and right-though it was a different kind of rightness. In my grief over Dimitri, I’d nearly forgotten what I had with her. They were two sides of me. In that uncanny way she had of guessing thoughts, Lissa said, â€Å"I meant what I said earlier. I’m sorry for what I said-about acting like I have some right to dictate your life. I don’t. If you decide to stay or guard me, you do that by your choice and your kindness. I want to make sure you live and choose your own life.† â€Å"There’s nothing ? ®kind’ about it. I’ve always wanted to protect you. I still do.† I sighed. â€Å"I just†¦ I just had things to take care of. I had to get myself together-and I’m sorry I didn’t handle it with you very well.† There was a lot of apologizing going on, but I realized that was how it was with people you cared about. You forgave each other and moved on. Lissa hesitated before asking her next question, but I’d known it was coming. â€Å"So†¦ what happened? Did you†¦ did you find him†¦?† At first, I didn’t think I wanted to talk about it, but then I realized that I needed to. And the thing was, a few different things had gone wrong with Lissa and me before. One had been that she’d taken me for granted. The other had been that I wouldn’t tell her the truth-and then I’d resent her for it later. If we were going to patch up this friendship and forgive each other, we had to make sure we didn’t repeat the past. â€Å"I did find him,† I said at last. And I launched into the story, telling her everything that had happened to me: my travels, the Belikovs, the Alchemists, Oksana and Mark, the unpromised, and of course, Dimitri. Just as Lissa had joked earlier, we talked for hours. I poured out my heart to her, and she listened without judgment. Her face was compassionate the whole time, and when I reached the end, I was sobbing, all the love and rage and anguish I’d been holding onto since that night on the bridge exploding out of me. I hadn’t told anyone else in Novosibirsk exactly where I’d been during my time with Dimitri. I hadn’t dared tell anyone I’d been a blood whore for a Strigoi. I had stayed vague, hoping if I didn’t talk about it, then maybe it wouldn’t be real. Now, with Lissa, I had to accept the reality of everything and truly feel it: I had killed the man I loved. A knock at the door jolted us out of a world that contained only her and me. I glanced at the clock and was startled to see it was almost curfew time. I wondered if I was being thrown out. But when Lissa opened the door-after I’d hastily dried my eyes-the waiting dorm worker had a message of a different sort. â€Å"Alberta wants to see you,† the woman told me. â€Å"She thought you might be here.† Lissa and I exchanged glances. â€Å"When? Now?† I asked. The woman shrugged. â€Å"From the way she sounded? Yeah, I’d say now. Or sooner.† She shut the door. Alberta was the captain of the guardians on campus, and when she spoke, people acted. â€Å"I wonder what this is about?† asked Lissa. I stood up, hating to leave. â€Å"Any number of things, I imagine. I’ll go see her and then head back to guest housing. Not that I’ll sleep. I have no clue what time zone I’m in anymore.† Lissa gave me a parting hug, one we both had a hard time letting go of. â€Å"Good luck.† I started to turn the door’s handle and then thought of something. I slipped the silver ring off of my finger and handed it to Lissa. â€Å"Is this the ring you-oh!† She wrapped her hand around it, her face growing enraptured. â€Å"Can you feel the magic in it?† I asked. â€Å"Yeah†¦ it’s weak, but it’s in there.† She held the ring up to the light and stared at it. She probably wasn’t going to notice when I left because I had a feeling she’d be studying the ring all night. â€Å"It’s so strange. I can almost immediately feel how she did this.† â€Å"Mark said we probably had a while to go before we could do the healing they do†¦ but maybe you could figure out how to make charms while we wait?† Her jade green eyes were still on the ring. â€Å"Yeah†¦ I think I might.† I smiled at her excitement and tried to leave again, but she caught my arm. â€Å"Hey†¦ Rose†¦ I know I’ll see you tomorrow, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"But what?† â€Å"I just wanted to say, after everything that’s happened†¦ well, I don’t want us to ever have this kind of separation again. I mean, I know we can’t be together every single second-and that’s kind of creepy anyway-but we’re bonded for a reason. We’re meant to look out for each other and be there for each other.† Her words sent a shiver through me, like we were wrapped in powers greater than ourselves. â€Å"We will be.† â€Å"No, I mean†¦ you’re always there for me. Every time, I’m in danger, and you come rushing in to save me. Not anymore.† â€Å"You don’t want me to save you anymore?† â€Å"That’s not what I meant! I want to be there for you too, Rose. If I can throw a punch, I can do anything. Even though that really hurt.† She exhaled in frustration. â€Å"God, I’m not making any sense. Look, the point is, if you ever have to go off alone, take me with you. Don’t leave me behind.† â€Å"Liss-â€Å" â€Å"I’m serious.† Her luminous beauty burned with determination and purpose. â€Å"Whatever obstacles you have to go against, I’m going to be there for you. Don’t go alone. Swear to me that if you ever decide to take off again, you’ll bring me. We’ll do it together.† I started to protest as a million fears came to my mind. How could I risk her life? Yet looking at her, I knew she was right. For better or worse, we had a bond we couldn’t escape. Lissa was indeed tied to that piece of my soul, and we were stronger fighting together than apart. â€Å"Okay,† I said, clasping her hand. â€Å"I swear it. The next time I go do something stupid that might get me killed, you can come along.† How to cite Blood Promise Chapter Twenty-Nine, Essay examples

Roots of AntiSemitism Essay Example For Students

Roots of AntiSemitism Essay After learning about the Holocaust, I’ve asked myself many times how this could have happened. Why would anyone believe it’s acceptable to massacre an entire people? This is my reasoning for writing my paper on how Christian theology influenced anti-Semitism. Much of the Holocaust appears to have it’s beginning with Christian theology. I will begin my paper with the early writings of Christians and continue chronologically until after World War II. The Apostle Paul was one the first people to criticize the Jewish people. At first, he tried to explain to the Christians not to adopt a superior attitude towards the Jews. IF THE PART OF THE DOUGH OFFERED AS FIRST FRUITS IS HOLY, THEN THE WHOLE BRANCH IS HOLY; AND IF THE ROOT IS HOLY, THEN THE BRANCHES ARE ALSO HOLY†¦DO NOT BOAST OVER THE BRANCHES. IF YOU DO BOAST, REMEMBER THAT IT IS NOT YOU THAT SUPPORT THE ROOT, BUT THE ROOT SUPPORTS YOU. At one point this appeared to be Paul’s feeling towards the Jews and the Christians. His sentiment appeared to change, according to Christian suppressionists. In the text Romans, many of Paul’s statements were misinterpreted by those Christians to make themselves appear more superior to the Jewish people. †¦INCLUDING US WHOM HE HAS CALLED, NOT FROM THE JEWS ONLY BUT ALSO FROM THE GENTILES? AS INDEED HE SAYS IN HOSEA, THOSE WHO WERE NOT MY PEOPLE I WILL CALL ‘MY PEOPLE,’ AND HER WHO WAS NOT BELOVED I WILL CALL ‘BELOVED.’ AND IN THE VERY PLACE WHERE IT WAS SAID TO THEM, ‘YOU ARE NOT MY PEOPLE,’ THERE THEY SHALL BE CALLED CHILDREN OF THE LIVING GOD,†¦GENTILES, WHO DID NOT STRIVE FOR RIGHTEOUSNESS, HAVE ATTAINED IT, THAT IS, RIGHTEOUSNESS THROUGH FAITH; BUT ISRAEL, WHO DID STRIVE FOR THE RIGHTEOUSNESS THAT IS BASED ON THE LAW, DID NOT SUCCEED IN FULFILLING THAT LAW†¦ ROMANS 9In proclaiming his Christian message Paul stressed that the Jewish nation had been rejected by God, and the new Covenant had superseded the old, said David Cohn-Sherbok, in his book The Crucified Jew. In these ways the New Testament laid the foundations for later Christian hostility to the Jewish nation†¦and served as the basis for the early Church’s vi lification of the Jews. (Cohn-Sherbok)Another early Christian writing which may have encouraged Jewish hatred is the Gospels of John. Scholars believe John wanted to gain favor with the Roman Hierarchy. Therefore, he emphasized the Jewish involvement in the death of Christ and minimized the Roman role. The Gospel of John contains some of the most hostile anti-Jewish statement in the Christian scriptures. So sharp is the contrast in that gospel between Jesus’ exhortations to his followers to love one another and the hostile references to the Jews†¦John is ‘a gospel of Christian love and Jew hatred.’ (Charlesworth)Some examples of John’s apparent sentiments towards the Jewish people include the following. †¦THE JEWS REPLIED†¦JOHN 18:31†¦MY FOLLOWERS WOULD BE FIGHTING TO KEEP ME FROM BEING HANDED OVER TO THE JEWS†¦ †¦HE WENT OUT TO THE JEWS AGAIN†¦JOHN 18:38†¦THE JEWS ANSWERED HIM, WE HAVE A LAW, AND ACCORDING TO THAT LAW HE OUGHT TO DIE BECAUSE HE HAS CLAIMED TO BE THE SON OF GOD. JOHN 19:7†¦THE JEWS CRIED OUT, IF YOU RELEASE THIS MAN, YOU ARE NO FRIEND OF THE EMPEROR†¦ †¦HE SAID TO THE JEWS, HERE IS YOUR KING! THEY CRIED OUT, AWAY WITH HIM! AWAY WITH HIM! CRUCIFY HIM!†¦JOHN 19:14Many scholars believe the Jews and Christians were still worshipping together around the middle of the first century. They discussed and acknowledged their differences, like a family fight. Yet, towards the end of the first century their relationships deteriorated. After the destruction of the second Temple in 70 CE, the Gentiles appeared to break away from the Jews. Jewish leaders who remained faithful to the Mosaic Law, began excommunicating Christian J ews under Nero’s leadership, ending decades of relatively peaceful coexistence and shared worship. (Hauer)The presumed superiority of Christianity started to influence Christian teachings. The ‘Letters of Barnabas’ (late first century or early second) repeatedly proclaims this belief: I found many passages in his letter regarding superiority. †¦HEAPING UP YOUR SINS AND SAYING THAT THE COVENANT IS BOTH THEIRS AND OUR. IT IS OURS: BUT IN THIS WAY DID THEY FINALLY LOSE IT WHEN MOSES HAD JUST RECEIVED IT, FOR THE SCRIPTURE SAYS: ‘AND MOSES WAS IN THE MOUNT FASTING FORTY DAYS AND FORTY NIGHTS, AND HE RECEIVED THE COVENANT FROM THE LORD, TABLES OF STONE WRITTEN WITH THE FINGER OF THE HAND OF THE LORD.’ BUT THEY TURNED TO IDOLS AND LOST IT. FOR THUS SAID THE LORD: ‘MOSES, MOSES, GO DOWN QUICKLY, FOR THY PEOPLE, WHOM THOU BROUGHTEST FORTH OUT OF THE LAND OF EGYPT, HAVE BROKEN THE LAW.’ AND MOSES UNDERSTOOD AND CAST THE TWO TABLES OUT OF HIS HANDS, AND THEIR COVENANT WAS BROKEN, IN ORDER THAT THE COVENANT OF JESUS THE BELOVED SHOULD BE SEALED IN OUR HEARTS IN HOPE OF HIS FAITH.†¦BUT LET US SEE WHETHER THE COVENANT WHICH HE SWEAR TO THE FATHERS TO GIVE TO THE PEOPLE—WHETHER HE HAS GIVEN IT. HE HAS GIVEN IT. BUT THEY WERE NOT WORTHY TO RECEIVE IT BECAUSE OF THEIR SINS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦AND I HAVE GIVEN THEE FOR A COVENANT OF THE PEOPLE, FOR A LIGHT TO THE GENTILES, TO OPEN THE EYES OF THE BLIND, AND TO BRING FORTH FROM THEIR FATHERS THOSE THAT ARE BOUND AND THOSE THAT SIT IN DARKNESS OUT OF THE PRISON HOUSE†¦ (Epistle of Barnabas)I believe the letter of Barnabas are a reflection of Exodus 32. The writer of the letters explain in detail how God and Moses were extremely upset with their people because they were too impatient to wait for the writings of the Lord. The Letters of Barnabas takes this out of context and uses this to explain how the covenant is not theirs. A similar idea is in the ‘Letters of I gnatius of Antioch’ (70-107CE). He explained the theory that the Church is the New Israel (Broadway), which I believe he received from the writings of Jeremiah. Consequently, the idea of the Church replacing Israel wasn’t convincing after the Bar Kokba Revolt (132-135CE). Christian theology tried to counter this threat. They began to create a non-Jewish Jesus. The strangest arguments, ranging from Abraham’s faith to the promise given to Adam, was cited. They also used the explanation that the Church not only predates Israel, but is the eternal Israel. (Flannery)Another argument is the Jews were accused of deicide, crime of killing God. Tribulations were justly imposed upon you, for you have murdered the Just One (Flannery). Strangely enough, in Matthew 20:18-9 and Acts 4:26-8, it states that the Gentiles were also blamed for Jesus’ crucifixion. The idea of replacement covenant was influenced by Jeremiah 31:31-4. THE DAYS ARE COMING SAYS THE LORD, WHEN I WILL MAKE A NEW COVENANT WITH THE HOUSE OF ISRAEL AND THE HOUSE OF JUDAH. IT WILL NOT BE LIKE THE COVENANT I MADE WITH THEIR FATHERS THE DAY I TOOK THEM BY THE HAND TO LEAD THEM FORTH FROM THE LAND OF EGYPT; FOR THEY BROKE MY COVENANT AND I HAD TO SHOW MYSELF THEIR MASTER, SAYS THE LORD. BUT THIS IS THE CONVENANT WHICH I WILL MAKE WITH THE HOUSE OF ISRAEL AFTER THOSE DAYS, SAYS THE LORD. I WILL PLACE MY LAW WITHIN THEM, AND WRITE IT UPON THEIR HEARTS; I WILL BE THEIR GOD, AND THEY SHALL BE MY PEOPLE. NO LONGER WILL THEY HAVE NEED TO TEACH THEIR FRIENDS AND KINSMEN HOW TO KNOW THE LORD. ALL FROM THE LEAST TO THE GREATEST SHALL KNOW ME, SAYS THE LORD, FOR I WILL FORGIVE THEIR EVILDOING AND REMEMBER SINS NO MORE. Jeremiah was one of the Jewish prophets who warned, blamed, and lectured all who would listen about the sins of their people, the punishments God gave them, and what they had to do to be in God’s good graces. Jeremiah predicts th at a new covenant will be formed between God and his people, and it will replace the covenant between Moses and God. He indicates it’s null and void because of the sins of the Jewish people. The new covenant will absolve these sins and reaffirm God’ fidelity to his people. Early Christian scholars explain Jeremiah’s words and indicate that the Jews are cast aside by God and Jesus of Nazareth is the fulfillment of Jeremiah’s prophesies. The Old Israel along with its Old Testament†¦had been succeeded, fulfilled, completed, replaced, and/or displaced by the New Israel, the New Testament, the Christian Church, the new people of God, said Rabbi A. James Rudin about Christian attitude during the formative years of the Church. (Fisher, Rudin, Tanenbaum)In the second century these ideas were fueled by Marcion of Sinope. He was one of the intellectuals who decided to come up with ideas of what Christianity really was. A problem he saw with Christians is they were expected to be faithful to a Jewish God, but not to keep the original law. His vision of God involved God being a god of mercy and compassion, a God for all mankind, not only to a chosen people. The Jewish God was replaced by Christ and wasn’t worthy of worshipping. Marcion also rejected the Apostolic myths and also the early apostolic writings. Many intellectuals rejected his ideas, especially because of the rejection of the Jewish writings. Polycarp, an early intellectual, called Marcion the first-born of Satan. This didn’t stop him, he went on preaching about his ideas. Ironically, his preaching was successful and eventually Congregations of Marcionite Christians were formed. (The Great Heresies†¦)In the third century, the hatred of Jews continued. Two Christian theoligists, Hippolytus and Origen, elaborated on theory the Jews killed God. By the fourth century, this idea dominated Christian thinking. (Flannery)In the Edict of Milan (313CE), Emperor Constan tine legalized Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. He declared that the land of Israel no longer belonged to the Jews. Instead, it belonged to the Christian Church. This reintroduced the replacement of the covenant. After Christianity became official, theology was translated into government policy, and the synagogue came under repressive measures. (Flannery)Constantine tried to keep all his bases covered, and practiced all the cults of his realm, even after he converted to Christianity. Ironically, he wasn’t even baptized until he was on his death bed. Some believe this is because of the growing political power of the Christians in the empire. (The Great Heresies†¦)Chrysostom (344-407), a highly esteemed church father, denounced the Jews in the strongest language: ‘most miserable of all men’, ‘lustful, rapacious, greedy, perfidious bandits’, ‘inveterate murderers, destroyers, men possessed by the devil’, ’they have surp assed the ferocity of wild beasts, for they murder their offspring’. He didn’t stop there. Chrysostom explained the Jews fate as a result of their murdering: ‘no expiation possible, no indulgence, no pardon; their odious assassination of Christ was the origin of all their woes†¦God hates you.’ (Flannery)Augustine (354-430), Chysostom’s contemporary, also influenced Jewish hatred. He did reaffirm Paul’s attitude that we have a duty to love the Jews, but he shared the view that Judas was the image of the Jewish people. His theory was that the Jews are a witness-people destined to live as testimony to both evil and Christian truth, but who were not to be killed, for like Cain they bore a sign. Let them live among us, but let them suffer and be continually humiliated. (Flannery)During the seventh century, the Jewish religion was hit really hard. The Jews rioted in 608 BCE, because of the repression they have suffered. This created anti-Jewis h pogroms from Syria to Asia Minor. Spain prohibited Judaism. Those who weren’t baptized fled. This was the first incidence where a prohibition of Judaism affected an entire Christian country. In Paris, they decided that all Jews who hold military or civil positions must accept baptism, together with their families. By 617 CE, the Persians forbid the Jews to settle within a three mile radius of Jerusalem. Even the people who followed Mohammed rejected the Jews. ‘One by one they were destroyed, between the years 624-7 CE, because they wouldn’t convert to Islam. After Mohammed’s death, the Jewish people were forced to choose between conversion and death. Over 600 Jews spent the night in prayer and were beheaded the next morning. Only 3 or 4 agreed to convert.’ To ensure unity in his kingdom, Emperor Heraclius, forced baptism in his kingdom. Then in 627, he massacred Jews and forbid them to enter Jerusalem. Local priests also convinced him that to kill a Jew was a positive commandment. Hundreds of Jews were massacred and thousands fled to Egypt. (Jewish History)The scapegoat theory appears to have occurred in 1021. The Jews were blamed for everything bad that happened in the world. One advocate, Pope Benedict VIII, had Jews executed, blaming them for a hurricane and an earthquake. France’s Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153CE) explained the Jews as a race who had not God for their father, but were of the devil. He had taken the scripture John 8:44 and applied it to the whole Jewish people. This was also applied in World War II by the Nazi leader Julius Sreicher: the extermination of that people whose father is the devil. (Hay)In the year 1096 extreme violence occurred in Jewish history: The Crusades. Guibert of Nogent (1053-1124) reported the crusaders saying, We desire to combat the enemies of God in the East; but we have under our eyes the Jews, a race more inimical to God than all the others. We are doing this whole thing backwards.Approximately a quarter to one third of the entire Jewish population in Germany and northern France was murdered during the first Crusade. (Flannery) In Jerusalem the Jews fled from the Crusaders, locking themselves in the main synagogue, where all 969 were burnt to death. The Crusaders, who believed they were avenging the death of Christ, sang Christ, We Adore Thee. Raymond of Aquilers, one of the leaders, quoted Psalm 118:24 saying, This is the day which the Lord has made; let us rejoice and be glad in it. (Rausch)While the first two Crusades were occurring, the German Jews went to Royalty for help. For royal protection, they were made serfs of the Imperial Chamber. For this privilege, the Jews had to pay large amounts of money causing them to be a real source of royal revenue. The Jews were bought and loaned to pay off creditors. Eventually, this spread to other countries. (Flannery)Jews were ultimately forced into money-lending as outsiders, because they were banned fr om most professions and guilds. Even the Church would borrow money from the Jews to build cathedrals and churches. This was how the Jewish people gained the negative image as a money lender. Later, Shakespeare’s Shylock and Dickens’ Fagin used this idea. (Flannery)Unfortunately, the price they paid to be protected was barely enforced. The Third Crusade, one of the most tragic anti-Jewish riots in England, occurred in York. (Flannery) ‘There, Crusaders, before setting out to follow their King, plundered the possessions of the Jews, who fled into the royal castle where they were besieged by the warriors, many of whom were deeply in debt to their quarry. The climax was reached when a stone, thrown from the castle, killed a monk whose custom it was to celebrate Mass outside the castle every morning and urge the people to destroy the enemies of Christ. When the Jews saw the fury of the besiegers and felt their fate to be sealed, they took their own lives, cutting one anothers throats. When the mobs gained access to the tower, the few Jews left, who begged for baptism and deliverance, were slaughtered. The total causalities have been estimated variously from 500 to 1500. From this scene of carnage, the attackers converged on the cathedral and burned all the records of financial obligations to the Jews kept in its archives. (Flannery)Another event which occurred in the 12th century, was the Blood Libel. The Christians accused the Jews of killing Christian children for ritual purposes. This idea created a cult, supposedly victims of these rituals, who took thousands of lives throughout Europe. Between 1880 and 1945, this fabrication was widespread in central eastern Europe. The Nazi newspaper Der Sturmer constantly showed rabbis sucking the blood of German children. (Brown)In 1215 the Fourth Lateran Council was called by Pope Innocent III. They discriminated more against the Jewish people. According to the decree, based on Numbers 15:37-41, Jews sh ould wear distinctive dress attire. This was extremely demeaning because it was a restriction which also applied to Saracens, heretics, prostitutes, and lepers. The Jews were also told to wear the ‘badge of shame’ on their clothing, the shape and color was different in each country. This idea made Jews social outcasts and influenced physical and verbal abuse. Finally, the decree provided for the official establishment of ghettos. (Flannery)In 1290, Jews were expelled from England. Sixteen thousand left for France and Belgium. Some never made it there. (Flannery) Jews have been expelled from nearly every country in which they have resided. (Brown)By 1298, the Jewish people were accused of host desecration. This caused the entire Rottingen’s Jewish community to be burned at the stake. Eventually, they went on to kill Jews in other parts of Germany and Austria. Approximately 100,000 Jews were murdered and about 140 of there communities were destroyed. (Flannery)Of c ourse the rumors didn’t stop there. Between 1347 and 1350 the entire Black Death was blamed on the Jews. It was fabricated that they had poisoned the wells. This was believed in southern France, northern Spain, Switzerland, Bavaria, Rhineland, eastern Germany, Belgium, Poland, and Austria. Over 200 Jewish communities were demolished. The smallest amount of causalities occurred in Poland, 10,000 Jewish people. Whereas in only three German towns (Erfurt, Mainz, and Breslau) more than 10,000 were killed. (Flannery)The idea of host desecration continued. In 1389, a priest was carrying a wafer host in Prague. He was accidentally sprayed with sand by some Jewish children playing. This caused 3,000 Jewish lives to be lost. (Flannery)In Spain, Jewish people were given the choice to denote baptism or be exiled or killed. Many Jews and rabbis were baptized in 1391.Every time someone went through the ritual, the Jewish people started riots. Ultimately, 50,000 Jews died. The idea of deno ting baptism ending up backfiring on the Jewish people. The Spanish decided that heredity was a problem. The Jewish people still contained the ‘bad blood’, which couldn’t be altered by baptism. Anti-Semitism grew in Spain during this time. (Flannery)King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain ordered the arrests of many Jewish people in 1480. The following year, the first victims were burned at the stake. (Flannery) About 30,000 Jews were burned at the stake over the following years. (Brown)1492 wasn’t only known for Christopher Columbus discovery, it’s also known for the exile of Jews from Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to purify their Christian realm. They had sent the Jews out of their nation and tortured those who had claimed to have converted. Most of the 300,000 Jews moved to Portugal. They were protected for a couple month, at a price of course. Then, King John II (1481-1495)enslaved the Jews. Eventually they were brutally and forcibly b aptized. (Flannery) Martin Luther (1483-1546) praised the Jews, at first. He even kept repeating how the Jewish religion influenced Christianity. Then, when the Jews decided not to convert to his religion, he changed his attitude. In Martin Luther’s book, On the Jews and their Lies (published 1543), anyone can see Luther’s hatred for the Jewish people. On June 5th, 1850 Pat Garrett is born in Chambers EssayImmigration of Jews to the United States began to be a ‘problem’. The immigration legislation limited the amount of Jews let into the country in 1921 and 1924. They had told countries, which had a large Jewish population, they could not immigrate as freely as they once had. The legislation stated this because 2.5 million Jews had immigrated to the United States by 1920. The United States was not a better alternative for the Jews anyway. They were not treated as if they were ‘free’. One person who visited the US in 1922 recounts her visit, The Jews are barely admitted to major country clubs, and most of the time they are barred†¦They have no real civic standing. They are excluded from I don’t know how many hotels. The universities, particularly Harvard, have openly organized their defenses against the invasion of new Jewish students. (Cohn-Sherbok)The ‘Elders of Zion’ conspiracy did not disappear in the 20th century. In 1922, two extremists in Germany murdered a Jewish foreign minister of Germany’s Weimar Republic. These extremists supported this act by claiming he was an Elder of Zion. It appears this is when the Protocols reached it’s peak in Germany. (Flannery)In the United States anti-Jewish sentiments continued to grow. Charles Coughlin, ‘radio priest’, continually bashed the Jewis h people. The ‘Radio Priest’, Charles Coughlin began his career in the mainstream of Catholic social welfare teachings, but became increasingly anti-Semitic and pro-Nazi, said Charles R. Morris in his book, American Catholic. By 1932, (Coughlin’s radio program) commanded up to twice the number of listeners as today’s immensely popular Rush Limbaugh show. (Morris)Between the 1930’s and 40’s, anti-Semitism exploded in Germany, led by Adolf Hitler. The Nazi regime came into power in 1933 and a law was enacted to exclude Jews from German life. They seized their belongings and many concentration camps were built for work, torture, and ultimately death. Jews were hunted like animals; robbed of their homes, their loved ones, their possessions; crushed into railroad cars or death camps storage facilities like cattle to slaughter; subjected to various forms of mental and physical torture; and summarily executed by firing squads, in gas chambers, if th ey had actually survived the prior mistreatment. BLOOD, BONE, AND BRAINS WERE FLYING ABOUT, OFTEN LANDING ON THE KILLERS, SMIRCHING THEIR FACES AND STAINING THEIR CLOTHES. CRIES AND WAILS OF PEOPLE AWAITING THEIR IMMINENT SLAUGHTER OR CONSUMED DEATH THROES REVERBERATED IN GERMAN EARS, DANIEL JOHAN GOLDHAGEN IN HIS BOOK, HITLER’S WILLING EXECUTIONERS: ORDINARY GERMANS AND THE HOLOCAUST. Many massacres occurred in a nationwide pogrom in 1938. Consequently, anti-Semitism grew throughout Europe. Countries including France, Italy, Poland and the Ukraine were forced by the Nazi regime to adopt anti-Semitism. Hitler supported his actions as ‘a final solution of the Jewish problem’. November 1938, Kristallnacht occurred. This was the night the synagogues were burnt down in Germany. The Nazis chose this date to honor Martin Luther’s birthday. Hitler said, I am only doing the work of the Catholic Church. (Broadway)Many countries had closed their borders since many Jewish people had tried to leave. Switzerland closed its borders. The strict immigration policies of Canada and America prevented Jews from entering the countries. (Abella) Britain closed its borders. It’s important to mention that when the Jewish refugees were rejected by the British government, their ship was torpedoed in the Black Sea in 1942. There were 769 Jews on board, and only one survivor. (Burnett)President Roosevelt was criticized for not closing the camps when it was apparent to all what was happening. He did sent troop to defeat the Nazi attempt to take over the world. Yet, he did not find a quicker way to close down the extermination camps. In 1938, President Roosevelt went to the Evian-les-Bains conference in France. Over thirty nations accompanied him to discuss what they could do. Only three nations, including Denmark, the Dominican Republic, and the Netherlands, agreed to take in a few thousand Jews. A Nazi informer over heard the news and reported back to Hitler: You can do what you like with the Jews, nobody wants them. (Abella)A papal ambassador was asked to stop the deportations from Slovakia to Auschwitz. They plead for him to consider the innocent blood of Jewish children. He replied, There is no innocent blood of Jewish children in the world. All Jewish blood is guilty. You have to die. This is the punishment that has been awaiting you, because of that sin. (Brown)A Lithuanian minister was asked in 1958 why he kept quiet when he witnessed shootings of innocent people. His reply was that he believed the scripture verse was being fulfilled for the Jews: His blood be on us and our children.By the end of the war , about six million Jews had disappeared by massacre, starvation, and systematic executing. They had made up about two thirds of the Jewish population in Europe. This same people, which had received from God the commandment: ‘Thou shall not kill’ has felt in itself in a special way what it means to be killed, said Pope John Paul II at Auschwitz in 1979. (Fisher, Rudin, Tanenbaum)Strangely enough, countries still have not learned from these atrocities. Small raciest parties grew in the United Kingdom, France, and other countries of Europe and America. Outbreaks of acts of vandalism such as defacing or setting fire to synagogues occurred periodically. Beginning in the late 60’s and continuing to the present, a new phase of anti-Semitism emerged. It involved antagonism of some African Americans towards Jews. Small groups of white supremacists have also been responsible for anti-Semitism. After World War II, Poland continued to be anti-Semitic. This was even after knowing the atrocities of Hitler’s regime. They continued to use pogroms against the Jewish population in their country. (Flannery)In Latin America, many memb ers of the Nazi part found refuge there. Occasional anti-Semitic incidents have occurred. Some of the most serious demonstrations were triggered by the Israeli seizure of a Nazi was criminal, Adolf Eichmann, in Argentina in 1960. He was eventually tried in Jerusalem for crimes against Jews and was hung. The middle east created another form of anti-Semitism. This was the result of the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. This area of land was also claimed by the Arab nations. Today, these countries constantly fight over the borders. In Russia, the religion of Judaism was unacceptable. Soviet Jews were discriminated against, socially and professionally. Reportedly, some were deported to labor camps in Siberia in 1949. I hope these countries and their people have finally learned throughout history that being Jewish is not a sin. It’s a faith or nationality. Have we not learned that everyone is different and no one deserves persecution because of there belief? I believe the best way to explain acceptance of others is to think of a large mountain, which everyone desires to make it to the top. One could take many paths to reach the peak. It doesn’t matter how you make it to the top, it only matters that you try your hardest to do so. This relates to religion because they are many different ways to believe in God. I believe everyone’s God is the same and whichever route you take to please him is your choice. No route is right or wrong, it’s just a different path. Bibliography:BibliographyAbella, Irving and Harold Troper. None is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe. Ontario, Canada: Lester Publishing Limited, 1983. Anti-Semitism. 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The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty Three Centuries of Anti-Semitism . New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1985. Goldenhage, Daniel Jonah. Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Random House, 1997. Hay, Malcolm. The Roots of Christian Anti-Semitism. New York: Liberty Press, 1981. Hauer, Christian E. and William A. Young. An Introduction To The Bible: A Journey Into Three Worlds. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. Jewish History. Online. Internet. www.Jewishhistory.org.il/600.htm. Kung, Hans. Judaism: Between Yesterday And Tomorrow. New York: Continuum, 1991. McBrien, Richard P., The Harper Collins Encyclopedia of Catholicism. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1995. Morris, Charles R.. American Catholic. New York: Times Books, 1997. Rausch, David. A Legacy of Hatred: Why Christians Must Not Forget the Holocaust. Grand Rapids: Baker,1990. The Great Heresies of Gnosticism and the Revisions of Marcion. Online. Internet. www.bidstrup.com/bible.htm. Walker, Jim. Martin Luther’s Dirty Little Book: On the Jews and Their Lies. 7 August 1996. Online. Internet. www.nobeliefs.com/luther.htm.