Change: Marriage and Conventional Life Style Essay

An individual’s attempt to live freely is based on self-respect and interest. To disrupt the ideal and significance of living under a conventional life style, one must step outside their daily routines. We are often resistant to change due to the consequences of our actions but for many, having a routine becomes everything. It is a comfortable customary way of living that guarantees safety and for things to stay the exact same. When a routine has become stagnant and unbendable we have become prisoners within the cells of our own making. By looking at â€Å"Behind the Headlines† by Vidyut Aklujkar one can see the theme the author demonstrates betwwen tradition and change*change can bring liberty In the short story Behind the Headlines, Vidyut Aklujkar states a conflict between tradition vs change. Hariharan’s blind acceptance of mistreating Lakshmi is what leads her to such impulsive way to gain control of her own life. â€Å"Lakshmi got tired just thinking about the predictability of her life.† With this statement we can presume she feels obligated to serve Hariharan due to their marriage and customs. â€Å"Mornings begun thus with Sanskrit and Sangeet would make one feel warm and pure.† Lakshmis flashback to India provides the reader with evidence that like Hariharan, she has also morning routines. She then explains how she had to leave all that behind when she married Hariharan and had to move to Canada. In the short story â€Å"Behind the Headline† by Vidyut Aklujkar, the wife Lakshmi is exhausted of her repetitive life that is caused by her husband Hariharan profession. Change in day to day tasks can provide you with flexibility.

Year of War

This Incident became known as the Defenestration of Prague and was the official beginning of the Thirty Years' War. Even though none of them died, having landed In a pile of manure, this Incident started a chain reaction of events that railed almost the whole of Europe for 30 years. In 161 7 Ferdinand II Is crowned King of Bohemia, but In 1619 the Protestants crown Frederick V to counteract Ferdinand counter-reformations.Ferdinand trades his hereditary lands and his status as an Imperial elector to Macmillan I for enough forces so put a top to Frederick in the battle of White Mountain with General Johann Testicles von Till leading his forces. Later that day, Frederick and his English wife, Princess Elizabeth, flee the country and become known as the Winter king and Queen. Later their Grandson becomes the King of Great Britain, George l. With Ferdinand in full control 36,000 Protestant families flee the country letting him sell all their land for a profit.Albrecht von Willingness beco mes governor of the Kingdom of Bohemia thanks to Ferdinand and with special permissions for currency is able to buy 60 estates that sakes him lord of the whole of northeastern Bohemia. He then gives Ferdinand a way out of dealing with Macmillan by raising an army on his own. For this Ferdinand makes Willingness chief of all the imperial forces. This is where the Danish King Christian IV takes a part in Northern Germany.Not only does he not want Catholicism near his Lutheran Baltic, England has also promised him a subsidy. Christian, being inexperienced, didn't stand a chance against Till and Willingness and lost to Till at Luther in August 1626. This also pushed Christian all the way back out of the Baltic up to Danish islands. After this Ferdinand Get the idea to issue the Edict of Resolution to reclaim all Protestant land not specifically ceded in the Peace of Suburb (1555) setting up religious flames again.This causes the Swedish King Gustavo II to enter the war in July 1630. At the same time Willingness tries to get Till ousted and fails getting himself removed Instead and Till gains his previous post. It takes 2 years but finally Gustavo and Till come face to face and Gustavo' tactics send Till running. Willingness Is reappointed and combats Gustavo, however he Is too ambitious and Ferdinand authorizes his assassination, good-bye Willingness.Now Comes the Peace of Prague In 1635 having Ferdinand make the bigger concession In that his Edict of Resolution will not go back to 1555 but rather to 1627 when all the families fled the country. That would have been the end of It but Span stuck It's nose In with Ferdinand so France stuck It's In with Gustavo. This caused the war to go on In a milling kind of way. In 1640 Portugal reasserted Its independence diverting Spain. Then finally in 1643 everyone finally decides they are still going the 150 delegates finally reached agreements five years later.The actual winners of the war were Sweden, which gained control o f the Baltic; France, which became the chief Western power; the United Netherlands, which became an independent republic; and the Rhine Palatinate is restored to the heir of Frederick V. Respectively the losers of the war were Austria and Spain, that lost their dominant political positions, and Spain that lost the Netherlands. One of the most significant concessions were that the Holy Roman Emperor no longer claims to be the ruler of the German principalities and they are recognized as independent states.

The Capital Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 17

The Capital Structure - Essay Example Besides this, debt is considered cheaper by the providers of finance and it attracts tax relief on interest payments. The greater the level of debt, the more will be the financial risk to the shareholder of the company. Hence the return required would be higher. This also helps in establishing the gearing mix of a company. The higher a company is geared, the higher would be the risk involved. There are many factors that contribute towards the availability of different sources of funds. Gearing is one major issue which has a critical effect on the capital structure of a company. The higher a company is geared, the more difficult it would be for the company to raise debt finance as the institution giving out the debt would be exposed to greater risk. One view is that there is an optimal capital mix at which the average cost of capital, weighting according to the different forms of capital employed, is minimised. As for gearing increases, the return expected by ordinary shareholders beg in to rise in order to compensate them for the risk resulting from a larger share of profits going to the providers of debt. The cost is comparatively lower than the cost of equity because debt is relatively less risky from debt holder’s point of view as a debt would give the debt holder the legitimate amount of debt to which he/she is entitled to, besides the interest income, the debt can be made secure. Interest rates are usually higher on long-term debt as compared to short-term debts as the lender would require the compensation for the increased period of time he/she is deprived of his/her funds. A company finds itself committed to long-term debts with adverse interest charges and huge penalties if the debt is paid up early. Inflation and uncertainty about changes in future interest rates are one of many reasons why companies hesitate to borrow long-term debts at increased rates of interest.

Who Will Benefit on a Heart Transplant Assignment

Who Will Benefit on a Heart Transplant - Assignment Example These individuals were Ozzie, Jerry, and Lisa. Heart conditions in each of these individuals were as a result of divergent reasons. In making such a decision, ethical and moral considerations ought to be followed. John Stuart Mill coined in the ethics of utilitarianism. This is considered one of the most widely used postulation incorporated in ethical decision making in the modern world. The main objective of utilitarianism is to produce pleasure or contentment. However, it is of importance to go deeper into this theory since a heart transplant would bring contentment to all the three individuals. Stuart believed that a decision should be based on the effects or end result it ought to bring. He further asserted that a decision should be made not only to benefit an individual, but also for the betterment of the community. Therefore, my choice of the patient to benefit from the transplant was Lisa. This was due to a number of reason supported by Stuart. Stuart believed that though people will always present cash as well as other precious commodities, decision-makers should focus on the benefits such contributions would bring to the community (Mill, 2007). Lisas parents had offered a donation of $2 million for the construction of a specialized facility within the health institution. In terms of benefiting the community, such a facility would give thousands of community members a second chance in life through identification and treatment of various heart conditions. On the other hand, if Ozzie benefited from the transplant, only a small proportion of teenagers would benefit from his services. Jerry will only be of benefit to his family and workplace. My choice was also directed by the theory of Hedonism by Aristippus. According to Timmons (2012), decision-makers should always make their pronouncements or choices centered on satisfaction. In other words, they should strive to capitalize on enjoyment or gratification at that particular time.  

Discussion Of The Article About The Australopithecus Essay

Discussion Of The Article About The Australopithecus - Essay Example The essay "Discussion Of The Article About The Australopithecus" discusses the meaning of the term Australopithecus mean and the different historian aspects regarding the australopithecines. Australopithecus africanus seems to be the closest ancestor or relative to the Homo genus. It had unique features that were less primitive than A. Afarensis. It had a flat face, evidence of stronger chewing force, a bigger jaw, and great sexual dimorphism, which meant the males and females looked very different and had different sizes and weights. Their skeletal architecture suggests shifts related to environmental and dietary forces. The main differences between the anatomy of Australopithecines and Paranthropus were their jaws and chewing apparatus. Their diet meant they needed stronger jaws and bigger chewing and grinding teeth, which affected their cranial size and shape. They had cheekbones that jutted forward. They also had a relatively smaller body. Paranthropus robustus, found at the South African cave site of Kromdraai, in Swartkrans, and also the limestone cave of Drimolen, in South Africa, is about 1.8 - 1.5 mya; Paranthropus Boisei, excavated at the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania and thought to be 2. - 1.3 mya; and Paranthropus aethiopicus, discovered in the Omo River valley in southern Ethiopia, and on the western shore of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya, estimated to be about 2.5 mya. There is also a jaw fragment from Baá ¸ ¥r el-GhazÄ l in Chad, and a Homo erectus specimen called ‘Turkana Boy’.

Social context of Asian business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social context of Asian business - Essay Example This essay argues that Japanese business behaviour is largely influenced by four major forces, namely, sense of belonging, loyalty, perfection, and time. Japanese businesses can be depicted as big clans or extended families. The fact that approximately 30% of the total number of employees of major companies acquired their jobs through their personal networks reveals the significance of personal connections and referrals before employment (Hein, 2013, 48). Usually a business organisation hires apprentices referred by a university teacher or another, or by a higher-ranking employee. Khalid Mehtabdin (1986 as cited in Alston, 2005, 1) observed that the person who brought a prospective recruit to the company usually becomes the permanent guide of that recruit and is thus answerable to his/her actions or performance throughout his/her career. The higher-ranking guide trains the new recruit to observe ‘appropriate behaviour’ (Alston, 2005, 1). Employees do not choose an employer due to the appeal of a compensation package or a particular position. Employees are requested to become part of the company in general and they are not employed for a particular group of duties. The initial period of employment are devoted to the process of discovering where the employee can most productively or efficiently be positioned and where s/he will be the most successful or beneficial for the company (Hein, 2013). Hence, employees become a part of a corporate ‘family’. Regular task rotations and OJTs enhance the employee’s abilities and reveal where s/he should be positioned in the corporation, though individual or personal reasons are taken into consideration to a certain extent (Goldman, 1994). In Japan, the person is encouraged to adjust to the group instead of the other way around. The previous head of the Idemitsu Petroleum Company, Ishida, explained this image of the business organisation as family (Alston,

Accounting,Sustainability and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accounting,Sustainability and Ethics - Essay Example Sustainability is also evaluated using a balanced scorecard. A balance sore card shows how the organization is performing in terms of finances, sustainability and other factors that affect organization. Sustainability reporting is also done using triple bottom line reporting technique. Example of the companies that report on their environmental initiatives is Apple Company. In the year 2009 the company announced that 53% of its greenhouse emission comes from the consumer usage of its products. As such the company has adopted greenhouse emission reduction imitative which is achieved using a variety of ways (Freeman 2014 Pg. 554) Currently, organizations have adopted green accounting which seeks to integrate financial reports with nonfinancial one which is associated with environmental services and goods. It has also been accepted that organizations should observe ethics in their daily operations. Business ethics refers to the form of professional or applied ethics which examines moral problems which arise in a business environment (Elliott and Elliott 2011, p. 48).

Research Paper on Censorship Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Censorship - Research Paper Example Censorship has been used throughout the history not only in communist countries but in democratic countries as well. From the beginning of civilization, censorship has been used by groups as well as individuals to prevent and control dangerous creations, information and ideas which are pernicious for the society. Throughout history it has taken different courses and occurred for various reasons. The main causes of censorship are religion, politics and sex related issues. Censorship are usually done in several areas such print media (newspaper), radio and television for religious purposes and offensive texts and objectionable speeches or behavior. Censorship should be done to benefit the society as a whole, as it is essential to protect the society from internal threat, to maintain peace and order. Censorship is needed and can be justified as censorship is pivotal to maintain social stability, racial harmony and to protect the mass from dangerous influences which can hamper the social growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many people who are against censorship argues that censorship should not be done as the banning of ideas, thoughts and information in any stream  is unconstitutional, for the first amendment guarantees freedom of speech and the press. The Amendment 1 dictates that: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievance† (Bill of Rights: Amendment I 1). The constitution did provide us with the freedom of speech and press, but it is not right to take this freedom and say anything we want anywhere, at anytime. Freedom should be used but in no way should it be misused. For example if a person hates another race and writes a book about abolishing that race, that person is clearly misusing his / her rights and at the same time dis rupting the harmony of the society. History has shown us time and again that man is an animal if not regulated by rules and regulations. If censorship is not done, the society, as we know, will be chaotic. Freedom should not be taken for granted and should not be misused. Censorship keeps freedom in control to maintain the social order.   It should be kept in mind that too much information can be and often is a dangerous thing. Having said that, it is true, there are some facts that are not suitable for the entire public. Censorship makes sure that dangerous ideas, ideologies, philosophies and outlook does not disrupt the citizens of the state.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In today’s world, media plays a crucial role in influencing both good and bad behavior and ideas. One cannot argue the fact that it depends on the individual choices and what he / she feels like watching. But, the reality is that when one watches a television show, it stagnates into the memory. This often res ults in young people ending up absorbing information far more than they needed for their age group and this has a negative impact on them. Youth’s mind should not be tampered with negative thought or ideas as they are easily influenced by what they see and hear around them. If there is no censorship to check what the youth are watching, this can have a dangerous impact. There is no harm in filtering what

Drunk Driving Essay Example for Free

Drunk Driving Essay Driving under the influence, driving while intoxicated, drunken driving, drunk driving, drink driving, operating under the influence, drinking and driving, or impaired driving is the act of driving a motor vehicle with blood levels of alcohol in excess of a legal limit . Similar regulations cover driving or operating certain types of machinery while affected by drinking alcohol or taking other drugs, including, but not limited to prescription drugs. This is a criminal offense in most countries. Convictions do not necessarily involve actual driving of the vehicle. In most jurisdictions a measurement such as a blood alcohol content in excess of a specific threshold level, such as 0.05% or 0.08% defines the offense, with no need to prove impairment or being under the influence of alcohol. In some jurisdictions, there is an aggravated category of the offense at a higher level e.g. 0.12%. In most countries, anyone who is convicted of injuring or killing someone while under the influence of alcohol or drugs can be heavily fined, as in France, in addition to being given a lengthy prison sentence. Some jobs have their own rules and BAC limits, for example commercial pilot, and the Federal Railroad Administration has a 0.04% limit for train crew. Some jurisdictions have multiple levels of BAC; for example, the state of California has a 0.08% BAC limit, which is lowered to 0.04% if the operator holds a commercial drivers license. The California BAC limit is 0.01% for those younger than 21 years of age and those on probation for a previous DUI conviction. Some large corporations have their own rules; Union Pacific Railroad has their own BAC limit of 0.02% that, if violated during a random test or a for-cause test — for example, after a traffic accident — can result in termination of employment with no chance of future re-hire. Many states in the U.S. and provinces in Canada have adopted truth in sentencing laws that enforce strict guidelines on sentencing, differing from previous practice where prison time was reduced or suspended after sentencing had been issued. Some jurisdictions have judicial guidelines requiring a mandatory minimum sentence. The specific criminal offense may be called, depending on the jurisdiction, driving under the influence, driving under intense influence, driving while intoxicated, operating under the influence operating while intoxicated, operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated, driving under the combined influence of alcohol and/or other drugs, driving under the influence per se or drunk in charge . Many such laws apply also to motorcycling, boating, piloting aircraft, use of motile farm equipment such as tractors and combines, riding horses or driving a horse-drawn vehicle, or bicycling, possibly with different BAC level than driving. In some jurisdictions there are separate charges depending on the vehicle used, such as BWI, which may carry a lighter sentence. In the United States, local law enforcement agencies made 1,467,300 arrests nationwide for driving under the influence of alcohol in 1996, compared to 1.9 million such arrests during the peak year in 1983. In 1997 an estimated 513,200 DWI offenders were in prison or jail, down from 593,000 in 1990 and up from 270,100 in 1986. Blood alcohol level With the advent of a scientific test for blood alcohol content, enforcement regimes moved to pinning culpability for the offense to strict liability based on driving while having more than a prescribed amount of blood alcohol, although this does not preclude the simultaneous existence of the older subjective tests. BAC is most conveniently measured as a simple percent of alcohol in the blood by weight. Research shows an exponential increase of the relative risk for a crash with a linear increase of BAC as shown in the illustration. BAC does not depend on any units of measurement. In Europe it is usually expressed as milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. However, 100 milliliters of blood weighs essentially the same as 100 milliliters of water, which weighs precisely 100 grams. Thus, for all practical purposes, this is the same as the simple dimensionless BAC measured as a percent. The per mille measurement, which is equal to ten times the percentage value, is used in Nor way, Sweden and Finland. The validity of the testing equipment/methods and mathematical relationships for the measurement of breath and blood alcohol have been criticized. Driving while consuming alcohol may be illegal within a jurisdiction. In some it is illegal for an open container of an alcoholic beverage to be in the passenger compartment of a motor vehicle or in some specific area of that compartment. Drivers have been convicted even when they were not observed driving if it could be safely concluded they had been driving while intoxicated. Within the American system, citation for driving under the influence also causes a major spike in car insurance premiums – 94.1% in the first year, and still 63.5% higher by the third year. The German model serves to reduce the number of accidents by identifying unfit drivers and removing them from until their fitness to drive has been established again. The Medical Psychological Assessment works for a prognosis of the fitness for drive in future, has an interdisciplinary basic approach and offers the chance of individual rehabilitation to the offender. George Smith, a London taxi driver, was the first person to be convicted of drunk driving, on 10 September 1897. He was fined 25 shillings, which is equivalent to  £71.33 in 2005 pounds. Field sobriety testing Historically, guilt was established by observed driving symptoms, such as weaving; administering field sobriety tests, such as a walking a straight line heel-to-toe or standing on one leg for 30 seconds; and the arresting officers subjective opinion of impairment. The officer must correctly perform the Field Sobriety Tests that are approved by the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration . The US Department of Transportation explains the Field Sobriety Test as, a battery of three tests administered and evaluated in a standardized manner to obtain validated indicators of impairment and establish probable cause for arrest. Starting with the introduction in Norway in 1936 of the world’s first per se law which made it an offense to drive with more than a specified amount of alcohol in the body, objective chemical tests have gradually supplanted the earlier purely judgmental ones. Limits for chemical tests are specific for blood alcohol concentration or concentration of alcohol in breath. Drunk driving law by country The laws relating to drunk driving vary between countries and varying blood alcohol content is allowed before a conviction is made. Comparison with cell phone use Studies show that cell phone use is comparable to driving while intoxicated in rate of increase of likelihood of causing an accident, yet is not even illegal in many locations. This comparison has led users of alcohol to question why DWI should be illegal, and others to consider making cell phone use while driving illegal. The penalties where this is done are never commensurate with the penalties for DWI. Texting while driving is very dangerous, as it takes eyes off the road for an average 4.6 seconds at a time. When laws against drunk driving were implemented in the United States in 2000, fatalities due to drunk driving increased, as was predicted by opponents.

Goals and Objectives Essay Example for Free

Goals and Objectives Essay Goal 1: Analyzing consumer awareness of health juice. Objectives: We will provide a clear idea regarding the customers awareness towards the health juice as well as towards different variety of fruits. The customers awareness to create a demand towards our product. Goal 2: Understanding the individual’s demographic profile of consumer. Objectives: The customer acceptance depends upon the knowledge for the variety fruit in the surrounding that they have gained their maturity level during growth of the age. The age factor is an important factor to know product demand for a particular age group. So, the interest can be made to motivate those age groups for buying our product. Goal 3: Identifying of influencing factor of purchase. Objectives: Based on our survey, some of the general reasons like variety of fruits, price, topping and packaging appearance will affected customers purchasing power. Thus, the influencing factor of purchasing power makes a producer understand the consumer’s need and services. Goal 4: Analyzing consumer buying behaviour and demand. Objectives: The buying behaviour of is an important parameter which consists of customer preference. The demand of this activity can be known from the customer’s buying pattern and parameters that he considers during buying a health juice like quantity, price, packaging appearance and delivery mode. The demand also depends upon some of the others factors like purchasing power population, promotion activities of product in this activity. Goal 5: Satisfying consumer’s benefit. Objectives: Customer is giving a wide choice of different fruits. We are providing a variety of different fruits for customer to choose. As sugary soft drinks are low in nutritional level, we can persuade the customer to recover our health juice which can satisfy their needs a healthy and long lasting energy drinks. So, customer will be evaluating the level of satisfaction that they received. All of the product will be priced fairly. Mission Our mission is to provide the highest-quality of health juice. We tend to attract customers through selling health juice. When we are adhering to this maxim, everything else will fall into place. Our services will exceed the expectations of the customers.

Introduction Why Use OPNET Modeler Computer Science Essay

Introduction Why Use OPNET Modeler Computer Science Essay OPNET Modeler is a very good tool for network designing and simulation. OPNET Modeler was selected because most of the wired and wireless network components are available in the OPNET 15.0 Modeler. In this version a number of different models can be created to simulate, analyze and compare their results. This chapter explains how the different wired and wireless network has been designed and simulated in OPNET Modeler. In this project different scenario for Ethernet, DSL, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX in two different projects has been created in OPNET Modeler 15.0 . There is also a comparison between the wired and wireless networks. The Ethernet network is compared with the Wi-Fi network and the DSL network is compared with the WiMAX network. Overview of OPNET Modeler OPNET stands for Optimized Network Engineering Tool. The OPNET Modeler is a very powerful tool for the network modeling and simulation. The purpose of the OPNET Modeler is to optimize cost, efficiency, performance, viability and scalability characteristics of the network. In addition OPNET Modeler has a huge library of nodes(fixed, mobile or satellite), links(simplex, duplex, wired or wireless), and subnets, which are used to design and simulate network configuration, protocols, traffic and end user applications. OPNET Modeler has three hierarchical levels or editors. These are Project Editor Project editor is also known as network editor. The project editor is the key staging area for modeling a network simulation. In the project editor a network can be created by using the nodes, link, and subnets from the standard library, then select statistics, run the simulation and view the results of the network. FIGURE: Node Editor To built models of nodes the node editor is used. Node editor specifies the internal structure of the network node. The node includes workstations, satellite terminals, switches, and remote sensors. The OPNET node has a modular structure. The packets and status information are exchanged between modules which are connected via packet streams or statistic wires. Every module performs specific function, such as generating packets, processing packets, transmitting and receiving packets or queuing packets. FIGURE Process Editor The process editor is used to design process models, which controls the basic functionality of node models generated in the node editor. The process models are represented by Finite State Machines (FSMs). The FSMs are generated with icons, which show states and lines which shows transitions between states. The process models are expressed in C or C++ language. Figure In this chapter four different scenarios are discussed. These are Scenario1: Ethernet Network Model In this scenario a new wired network for Ethernet is created in OPNET Modeler as shown in figure. This scenario is created for campus network. In this scenario seven workstations are connected to the switch. With the help of a router the switch is connected to the server. The switch is connected to the router which is connected to the server. Ethernet links are used to connect all these nodes with each other. The server provides different applications used for the workstations. For this network model we also need to define the applications and profiles by adding a node for the application and profile. The workstations are associated with the profiles in order to use different applications. H:snapshots 1ETHERNET.bmp Figure Ethernet Network Model The nodes used in this scenario is Node Name Description Applications Profiles Server Router Switch Workstation How to configure Nodes The configuration of each node is as follow Application Configuration The application configuration is the most important node in the network design. By default the application configuration has a maximum of sixteen services, which are supported by the OPNET Modeler. These are http, ftp, e-mail, print etc. In this scenario the default services are selected as shown in the figure To configure the application node right click on it, select Edit Attributes a dialogue box will open. Change the name field value to application. Expand the Application Definitions row, select the default option while left other setting at default as shown in the figure. H:SNAPSHOT22)ETHERNET APPLICATIN CONFIG.bmp Figure: Ethernet Application Configuration Profile Configuration The profile configuration allows us to define a user or a group of user to the application services supported by the network. For this scenario one profile is defined namely shahid. The profile node can be configured by expanding the profile configuration row. Define the profile namely shahid also define the applications and change the operation mode to simultaneous while left the other setting at default as shown in figure To configure the profile configuration right click on it, select Edit Attributes a dialogue box will appear. Change the name field value to profiles. Expand the profile configuration row, select edit. Then define the profile namely shahid also define the applications and change the operation mode to simultaneous while left the other setting at default as shown in figure. H:SNAPSHOT22)ETHERNET PROFILE CONFIG2.bmp Figure: Ethernet Profile Configuration Server Configuration The server can generate the applications traffic such as http, ftp, e-mail, print etc. This traffic can be sent to the workstations with the help of router and switch which are connected through Ethernet links. In the server configuration, three applications supported services were defined namely http, ftp, and e-mail while all other settings are left at default as shown in figure. H:SNAPSHOT22)ETHERNET SERVER.bmp Figure Ethernet Server Configuration Workstation Configuration The workstation can also generate the applications traffic, which can be sent to the server through the network to the server. The workstation can be configured by selecting the Application Supported Profiles namely shahid while left all the other parameters at default as shown in the figure. H:SNAPSHOT22)ETHERNET WKSTN CONFIG.bmp Figure: Ethernet Workstation Configuration Router and Switch The functions of both the router and switch are almost the same. Both are forwarding the traffic to the end nodes. The router and switch are connected to each other through Ethernet link. Scenario2: WLAN Network Model In scenario 2 a wireless network model for WLAN is created in OPNET Modeler as shown in figure. This scenario is also created for the campus network. This scenario is similar to scenario1 with slight changes. In scenario2 the switch of scenario 1 is replaced with the wireless access point (AP) and also the workstations are replaced with the wireless LAN workstations. The main function of the wireless access point is to transmit and receive the wireless signals. The access point is connected to the router which is then connected to the server through Ethernet link as shown in figure. C:Usersshahid aliDesktopUntitlrgregreeddfgdfg.png Figure: WLAN Network Model The nodes used in scenario2 is Node Name Description Applications Profiles Server Router Wireless Access Point Wireless LAN Workstations The configuration of all the nodes except the wireless access point (AP) and wireless workstations are the same which are discussed in scenario1. The configuration of the wireless access point (AP) and the wireless workstations are as follow. Wireless access point (AP) configuration The wireless access point (AP) transmits and receives the wireless signals. The wireless access point can be configured by expanding the wireless LAN parameters. The access point functionality should be enabled so that this node can transmit the wireless signals. The BSS Identifier value is set to 0. If there is another wireless access point (AP) in the network then its BSS Identifier value must be different. The other setting is left at default as shown in figure. H:SNAPSHOT22)WLAN AP CONFIG.bmp Figure: WLAN Wireless Access Point (AP) Configuration Workstation configuration The workstation configuration is the same as the workstation configuration in scenario1. But in this scenario the BSS identifier value for the workstations is also defined. The BSS Identifier value is set to 0. This value must be the same as the wireless access point BSS Identifier value. The access point functionality is disabled for the workstations. The remaining settings are left at default as shown in figure. H:SNAPSHOT22)WLAN WKSTN APLICATION AND WIRELASS CONFIG.bmp Figure: WLAN Workstations Configuration Scenario3: DSL Network Model In this scenario a wired network model is created for the DSL using the OPNET Modeler. In this scenario four workstations are connected to the switch through the Ethernet links. The switch is connected to DSL modem. The DSL modem is connected to the DSLAM via the DSL links. The type of DSL used for this scenario is Asymmetric DSL (ADSL). The ADSL has a high downstream data rate than the upstream data rate. The function of the DSLAM is to linked several users to the high speed backbone network. The DSL modem is used to send and receive signals. The DSL modem has internal signal splitter that carries voice signal on the low frequencies and carries data signal above that frequencies. With the help of IP cloud the DSLAM is connected to the server via the PPP link. The figure shows the DSL network model. C:Usersshahid aliDesktopSHANPSHOT33DSL.bmp Figure: DSL Network Model The nodes and links used in scenario3 are Node/Link Name Description Applications Profiles Server Router Switch Workstation IP Cloud DSLAM DSL modem PPP Link DSL Link Ethernet Link The configuration of each node and applications taken for this scenario is the same as discussed in scenario1 and scenario2. For scenario3 the profile name is different, here the profile name is SHAH. Scenario4: WiMAX Network Model In scenario4 a wireless network model for the WiMAX is created using OPNET Modeler. This scenario is the same to scenario3 but there is a slight changes. A new node is added for the WiMAX configuration. Without this node the WiMAX network will not work. In this scenario the DSL modem is replaced with the WiMAX basestation, the switch is replaced with the subscriber station and the workstations are replaced with the wireless workstations. The WiMAX basestation will transmits the wireless signal over a long distance. The subscriber station which is found at the costumer site receives this signal, which is then sent to the wireless workstations. The subscriber station and the WiMAX basestation communicate through air interface-. The WiMAX basestation is communicating to the server through the ip cloud and router via PPP link. The figure shows WiMAX network model. C:Usersshahid aliDesktopSHANPSHOT33WIMAX.bmp Figure: WiMAX Network Model The nodes and links used for scenario4 are Node/Link Name Description Applications Profiles Wimax config Server Router Ip cloud WiMAX basestation Subscriber station Workstation Link

Football Essay examples -- Sports Game

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though beaten, bloody, and drained of energy, the two teams in competition still thirst for victory and strive to defeat their opponents. Both teams can smell victory in the air and give their all to come out on top of this football game. All kinds of emotions stir, and as the men pound at each other constantly, the crowd roars. Because of all of the intensity involved in the game, football is on of the world’s most popular sports, however, understanding the game of football is not easy. Football is a complex sport in its origin, evolution, and rules of the game.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is said that the forerunner of American football was a game called â€Å"harpaston,† played by the ancient Greeks. Similar to modern football, the object of harpaston was to move a ball across a goal line by kicking, throwing, or running with it. However, most modern versions of football originated in England in the twelfth century. A certain form of football was known during this time, and it became so popular that it was banned because it took away from the military sport of archery. Modern football is a mixture of soccer- where a ball is kicked to opposite goals by two opposing teams and they have to defend their own goal and try to kick the ball into the opposite goal, and rugby- in which players run with the ball and tackle each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first football game was known as the â€Å"Boston Game,† and was played at Harvard University. Harvard accepted a challenge from McGill University, who played a sport somewhat like English Rugby Football. In the early years of football, each team used twenty-five players at a time. In 1873, it was reduced to twenty players, in 1876 to fifteen players, and in 1880 to eleven players, where it has remained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The modern game of football is played on a field 100 yards longs and 53.5 yards wide. Each team defends on end of the field, which is known as an end zone. The end zone is another ten yards added on to the length of the field on each side. The object of the game is to carry, pass, or kick the ball into the opposing end zone and to score. In the middle of the back of each endzone are goalposts, through where the ball is kicked to score points. This is known as a field goal, which is worth three points. Carrying or passing the ball successfully into the endzone is called a touchdown, which is worth six points. Then, the team has the opti... ...ave evolved to hard plastic and are equipped with a protective face mask. The shoulder pads are much larger and are also made of plastic and foam, which absorbs much more of the impact. The thigh, hip knee, and tail (commonly known as butt pads) pads are made of foam and prevent the player from injured while being hit in the lower body. The equipment used today is much more safe than it was in the early days of football and has evolved for the better over the years. Football players today have much less to worry about as far as hurting while getting hit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Football is one of the most popular sports today, and for good reasons. The intensity involved is football is unlike any other sport, and this attracts people to football. The way the game has evolved over the years also intrigues audiences to gather around to watch. The sports industry today has become a great part of entertainment in the world. Because football is a very large portion of the sports industry, it is very important to many people. Large groups of people dedicate their entire lives to the game of football and without it, the world would be a completely different place. Sources New World Encyclopedia 1991

Battle of the Sexes :: essays papers

Battle of the Sexes Had the daughters and wives of the countryside played a part in the committees in Tunnel Six and elsewhere? Was it common for a woman to bring a dispute before the assembly? What did the fact of the conflict’s setting a pair of women against each other say about solidarity and division by gender in the countryside? Could a woman ever be a rondero? In 1977, a woman’s committee was organized in Cuyumalca by Omelia Lopez. Omelia was soon to be the first president of the women’s committee. The question is why did it take this long for women to be heard? At the time women’s complaints of domestic violence and village thefts were almost completely dismissed and ignored by Peru’s national authorities. Also many women chose not to get involved. They strongly were believers that men were the ones in charge and the woman belonged in the home. Women were to believe that they were tied by nature to the pettiness of jealousy and scandal, less able than men to see what was best for the family and village. From what they were taught, it was just not possible, until Omelia. Omelia did have some help from Daniel Idrogo, an organizer from the Communist Party of Peru-Red Homeland. Daniel is a strong believer in Maoism. The Chinese leader had often repeated that â€Å"without the participation of women there can be no victory against imperialism†. Daniel said. â€Å"The rondas would be stronger if everybody participated†. So what were their goals? The main task was to accompany and support their men. The women’s committee was only an appendage of the ronda committee, which was run by men. So even if the women weren’t as high as the men’s status, they were still doing something about and being heard for once. The chief duty was to enforce the male obligation to take a turn on the nightwatch. Women were necessary in the making the rondas an instrument of peasant power and revolution. With each organization came problems. For instance, Lack of female solidarity. Rumors flowed, like women committees were â€Å"an excuse for lazy senoras to get together to gossip†. The larger problem was a backlash against the new activism. Which is stated that a husband controlled a wife, who was not to take a step without the boss’s permission. A final factor was outside opposition given by other newspapers.

Rc Cola Marketing Plan Essay

I. Executive Summary The 2013 Marketing Plan of Adobo Connection chain of restaurants outlines an approach in sales promotion as a newly established restaurant in Metro Manila and to sustain in the preceding years of business. Since the establishment couldn’t afford a commercial advertisement, we believe that providing leaflets and other kinds of cheaper advertisement as our sales promotion. To sustain in the preceding years, a product diversification for a new target market is our proposal. The sales target are roughly around P 500, 000, 000 for next year or a 5% projected increase in sales. 1 II. Company Background A. Company History Established by a Harvard Business School graduate, Mr. Jerome Uy, Adobo Connection is a chain of restaurants that showcase the food and feeling of the Filipino home to everyone. Having around P 5, 000, 000 as an initial capital, the first store was opened in November 2010 in Makati. Backed by the same team that won the Best Foreign Franchise in the 2009 Entrepreneur Franchising Awards, Adobo Connection is now one of the fastest-growing Filipino franchises having 40 stores in Metro Manila and another 9 stores soon-to-open. 2 A. Company Marketing Organizational Chart 3 B. Current Marketing Situation A. Market Situation Adobo Connection now is one of the fastest-growing Filipino franchises and the largest food franchise dedicated to our national dish. The initial investment is at least P3.75 Million (including the franchise fee), depending on the size and condition of the location. The restaurant’s main buyers are Filipinos. They prefer Adobo Connection because of its delicious food at an everyday-affordable price, good ambiance and quick service. B. Company Situation 1. Historical Company Data | 2010| 2011| 2012| Industry Sales| 1 700 000 000| 2 390 000 000| 3 260 000 000| Company Market Shares| 7.05%| 10.04%| 14.11%| Sales Revenue| 120 000 000| 240 000 000| 460 000 000| Row 1 shows the industry sales of the whole adobo restaurant from 2010-2012. Row 2 shows the company market share of Adobo Connection in the entire industry. Row 3 shows the sales revenue of Adobo Connection from 2010-2012. 4 2010| Sales| Market Share| Adobo Connection| 120 000 000| 7.05%| Adobo Republic| 80 000 000| 4.70%| Others| 1 500 000 000| 88.23%| Total| 1 700 000 000| 100%| 2011| Sales| Market Share| Adobo Connection| 240 000 000| 10.04%| Adobo Republic| 150 000 000| 6.27%| Others| 2 000 000 000| 83.68%| Total| 2 390 000 000| 100%| 2012| Sales| Market Share| Adobo Connection| 460 000 000| 14.11%| Adobo Republic| 300 000 000| 9.20%| Others| 2 500 000 000| 76.68%| Total| 3 260 000 000| 100%| C. Competitive Situation Adobo Connection major competitor is Adobo Republic. This competitor has different strategies, valuations, competitive advances and niches in the market. With its niche market and undeniably fair-priced offerings, Adobo Republic has entered the process of expansion and currently has 3 branches, with more to come. And is continuously expanding and creating new stores with great and comfortable ambiance. New home-style meals are currently being developed to offer a wide variety of dishes to their customers. 5 COMPETITIVE LIST OF ADOBO CONECTION AND ADOBO REPUBLIC PRODUCTS AND ITS PRICES ADOBO CONNECTION| PRODUCTS| REGULAR| WITH SOUP & DRINK| Adobo Specialties| Solo Serving| Kuya’s Fried Chicken Adobo Meal| 99.00| 115.00| Kuya’s Fried Pork/Mix Adobo Meal| 109.00| 125.00| Chicken Adobo saGata Meal| 109.00| 125.00| Pork/Mix Adobo saGata Meal| 119.00| 135.00| Mama’s Sweet Chicken Adobo Meal| 99.00| 115.00| Mama’s Sweet Sweet Pork/Mix Adobo| 109.00| 125.00| Lola’s Classic Chicken Adobo Meal| 109.00| 125.00| Lola’s Classic Pork/Mix Adobo Meal| 119.00| 135.00| ADOBO REPUBLIC| PRODUCTS| REGULAR| ADOBO GALORE(w/ Salted Egg & Tomato)| Solo Serving| Adobo Diablo(Hot & Spicy Pork w/ Adobo Rice)| P120.00| Adobo saGata(Chicken, pork, or Mix w/ Steamed Rice)| 115.00| Adobo Pork (W/ Adobo Rice)| 115.00| Adobo Mix (Chicken, Pork w/ Adobo Rice)| 115.00| Adobo Chicken (w/ Adobo Rice)| 110.00| Adobo Liver (w/ Adobo Rice)| 110.00| Adobo Squid (w/ Steamed Rice)| 110.00| Adobo Flakes (w/ Adobo Rice)| 100.00| 6 D. Distribution Situation Adobo Connection Franchise main office is located at Jollibee Center 9th floor, San Miguel, Pasig City. It has several stores in Pasig, Manila, Makati, Quezon City, Mandaluyong, Taguig, Pasay, Muntinlupa, Las Pinas, Paranaque, Caloocan, Malabon, Calabarzon area, and Cebu. At present, the company has grown from 18 to 45 branches nationwide. There are 8 branches in Manila; 7 branches in Calabarzon area; 5 branches in Quezon City; 4 branches in Makati; 4 branches in Mandaluyong; 2 branches in Pasig; 2 branches in Muntinlupa and 1 branch in Taguig, Pasay, Las Pinas, Paranaque, Caloocan, Malabon and Cebu and others are under construction in some places. E. Macro Environment Situation The Philippines has long been undermined with long-term structural problems such that sustainable economic development is yet to be a dream come true. It has been affected by the crisis in a decline in these aspects: export and foreign direct investments. Heavily dependent on electronic and semiconductor exports, the Philippines has seen a downward trend in its export earnings as countries in demand of these exports are now in recession. Foreign direct investments (FDI) lowered because of investors losing confidence in the financial market. Lower Foreign direct investments mean slower economic growth. Having such power and confidence, Adobo Connection has now reached its popularity in the market world. With the continued use of Adobo Connection brand, logo, and system; Research & development and new menu offerings; HR, legal, and finance consultation and Continuous training; Graphic design for marketing and store designs; Inclusion in public relations and national marketing campaigns and efforts;and Quality control and audits, it achieved lots of development in a short period of time. And it motivates the owners to re-create and conceptualize Adobo Connection to better cater to its market with much more affordable costs than any other adobo restaurant. 7 IV. Opportunity and Issue Analysis A. Opportunity Analysis The main opportunity facing Adobo Connection is as follows: 1. It is the fastest-growing Filipino franchise as of the current year 2. They expand intensively into other parts of the country. 3. Adobo Connection could add more services to satisfy their customer’s needs and wants. B. Threats Analysis The main threats facing Adobo Connection are as follows: 1. High competition with mass fast food chain. 2. Some customers prefer a home cooked adobo. 8 C. Main Strength The main strength facing Adobo Connection is as follows: 1. Serves many variety of adobo’s (pork or chicken; sweet, spicy; wet or dry) 2. It is affordable 3. Concentrated brand identity 4. Great locations of branches 5. Great ambiance 6. Good quality of employees 7. Growing many number of franchise 8. Young and professional managers were selected carefully, trained and developed to lead store teams in their quest to achieve high food, services, cleanliness and condition. D. Weakness Analysis The main weakness facing Adobo Connection is as follows: 1. They do not offer meals that can satisfy group customers 2. Not all Filipino’s know their food chain 9 E. Issue Analysis The main weakness facing Adobo Connection are as follows: 1. Should the Adobo Connection diversify their product into fried food, family-size sodas, etc in order to sustain their place in the market? 2. Should Adobo Connection enhance their services offered? 3. Should Adobo Connection increase its advertising and promotion expenditures to match competitors’ expenditures? V. Objectives A. Financial Objective 1. Continuous P 1 000, 000, per day sales 2. To achieve the target sales of P 500,000,000 – 600,000,000 at the year of 2015 B. Marketing objectives 1. To promote Adobo Connection with minimum cost of advertising. 2. To expand the number of franchise outlets from 42 up to more in different malls in metro and also in the other places local and international. 3. Create customer’s loyalty though service qualities efficiency. 10 VI. Marketing Strategy A. Target Market Adobo Connection will focus in aiming young adults and adults as their market segment. B. Positioning Adobo Connection will position as offering â€Å"Home quality service, best value yet quantity wise food†. Adobo Connection is a fast-food chain where you can feel your heart most. By diversifying their product adding new services but would maintain good quality of employees, fast service of food, variety of choices and great ambiance to their food chains customers would come back for more. Customer would not look fast food chain as same old monotonous menu again but would truly enjoy the burst of colorful Filipino cuisine. C. Pricing Strategy Adobo Connection will maintain their affordable prices for their target market as young adults with no works or with adults with works but in a tight budget. D. Services Adobo Connection will maintain their good quality services such as the ambiance, great employees ,fast service of food, But we intent to add more services in order to be more known and unique with the other fast food chains. 11 * Bottomless Barako connection- where student and office workers can do their works or share their experiences with their social society by the Wi-Fi connection and unlimited coffee offering. * Suggestion Hotline – where customers can directly speak out their suggestion or even complains. E. Sales Force Adobo Connection will meticulously select their managers carefully, trained and developed to lead store teams in their quest to achieve high food, services, cleanliness and condition. There employees most especially cooks are required to be trained with six months of training to master a high quality yet fast services of food. Crews are also mandated to have passion in serving their customer who will treat them as their visitors in their house. F. Distribution Channel Adobo connection will focus on putting their stores inside the mall, near school and beside office buildings. Hopefully they could also put up stores internationally. G. Advertising Adobo connection will use low cost promotion yet would reach their target market. It is the most low cost yet highly effective advertising for small and growing business by using the social media as their medium. 12 VII. Action Program ACTION PROGRAM| PERIOD| ACTIVITIES| PERSON/ DEPARTMENT RESPONSIBLE| BUDGET| 1. SERVICE| DECEMBER-onwardsJANUARY to DECEMBER| BARAKO BOTTOMLESSCONNECTIONADOBO SWAK| OPERATION DEPARTMENT| P 823,200| 2. SALES FORCE| JANUARY to DECEMBER| EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTHSTORE OF THE YEAR AWARD| STORE MANAGERS, OPERATION MANAGERS| P 197,600| 3. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL| JANUARY to DECEMBER| FRANCHISING| OPERATION DEPARTMENT| P 3.5 Million| 4. SALES PROMOTION AND ADVERTISING| DECEMBER-onwardsJANUARY to DECEMBER| PRINT ADPOSTERSFLYERSSTREAMERSTARPAULINBROCHURESOCIAL NETWORKSSELFIE #ADOBO CONNECTION CONTEST| MARKETING DEPARTMENT| P 25,539,366| 13 The action program no.1 refers to the BARAKO BOTTOMLESS WIFI CONNECTION, it tells about having a free wifi connection in the store and purchasing the barako coffee bottomless at all day, all night in just 49php only. ADOBO SWAK where in there’s a adobo rice in a cup and on the top there will be a special adobo dish in it, and ice tea also for the drinks in just 45php only. As indicated in action program no.2 our company will have our own website. The website allows the surfers to get more information about our company and updating reports about us this website will feature about our history, corporate, products, franchising, stores, investor’s information and feedback. And also, surfers will be able to email us their comments and suggestions. The operation department will be responsible with thus action program, and the allotted budget is P 125,000. Employee of the month refers to the incentives that the company will give to the employees who will perform their tasks we ll. Every month store managers will be choosing the best employee. The recipient will get an incentive of P 200 worth of gift certificate. This program will be enabling the sales force to do their best and boost their morale. The allotted budget for this is P 117,600. About the citation of the company to the branch which earned an outstanding sales and focus on the product quality, cleanliness and efficient service. The â€Å"Store of the Year† will received P50,000, while the â€Å"Model Store† which is the second place will received P30,000. The person responsible will be the Operation Manager. The allotted budget for this is P80,000. 14 Action program no.3 refers to the Franchising, The initial investment is at least P3.75 Million (including the franchise fee), depending on the size and condition of location. For the 5-year franchise fee of P650,000, you receive: ​Use of the Adobo Connection brand, logo, and system; Site procurement assistance; Store design assistance; Initial recruitment and training for the whole team; Opening team support; ​and the Adobo Connection Operations Manuals.​ For the continuing fees of 5% of sales (2.5% royalties, 2.5% marketing support), you receive:​ Continued use of Adobo Connection brand, logo, and system; Research & development and new menu offerings; HR, legal, and finance consultation;​Continuous training; Graphic design for marketing and store designs; Inclusion in public relations and national marketing campaigns and efforts;​and Quality control and audits.​ As indicated in action program no. 4 our company will develop a new advertising campaign through PRINT AD, POSTERS, FLYERS, STREAMERS, TARPAULIN, and BROCHURE and also in SOCIAL NETWORKS by launching their new menu, the introduction of new product line as well as traditional adobo recipes. SELFIE #ADOBO CONNECTION CONTEST, where in there will be a contest about taking of pictures with their favorite dishes in adobo connection and it will be posted on https://www.facebook.com/adobocon and we will see how many likes will they get and they will have a chance to win different prices. 15 BREAKDOWN OF THE EXPENSES FOR THE ACTION PROGRAM ACTION PROGRAM| ACTIVITIES| BREAKDOWN OF EXPENSES| TOTAL| 1. SERVICE| BARAKO BOTTOMLESSCONNECTIONADOBO SWAK| 49php/servingWifi connection plan with phone P1,400 X 12 months X 49 stores = 823,20045php/serving| P 823,200| 2. SALES FORCE| EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTHSTORE OF THE YEAR AWARD| P 200 X 12 months X 49 stores=117,600P 50,000 + P 30,000= 80,000| P 117,600+P 80,000= P 197,600| 3. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL| FRANCHISING| | P 3.75 Million (including the franchise fee), depending on the size and condition of location.| 4. SALES PROMOTION AND ADVERTISING| PRINT ADManila BulletinP 133,799Addt’l. 80% full colorPhilippine StarP 121,600Addt’l. 80% full colorPosters P98/pieceFlyers P 3/pieceStreamers P 400/pieceSelfie AC Contest1st Prize = 10,0002nd Prize= 5,0003rd Prize=3,000| P 133,799 x 1.80 x 52 weeksP 121,600 x 1.80 x 52 weeksP 98 X 49 stores X 10 pcs./ storeP 3 X 49 stores X 8,000 pcs./ storesP 400 X 20pcs. X 49 storesPhp 18,000 cash prize| TOTAL PRINT ADP 23,905,346+P 48,020P 1,176,000P 392,000+P 18,000TOTAL = P 25,539,366| 16 VIII. PROJECTED PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT Projected Profit and Loss Statement Adobo Connection Projected Profit and Loss Statement For the year ended December 2013 Income Net salesP372 000 000 Royalties and Franchise fees___8 450 000 Total sales380 450 000 Expenses Cost of Sales: Inventory, January 1 P1 420 000 Purchases 57 000 000 Total available for sales 58 420 000 Inventory, December 31 1 690 000 60 110 000 Operating Expenses: Salaries and Wages 2 000 000 Sales Promotion 180 000 Rent Expense 9 600 000 Light and Water 1 920 000 Licenses and fees 120 000 Depreciation and Amortization 45 000 Repair and Maintenance 35 000 Miscellaneous _ _ 420 000 14 320 000 Income from Operation 74 430 000 Internet Expense 31 500 000 Income before Income Tax 24 600 000 56 100 000 17 IX. Control A. Efficiency Control 1. Predictability a. Rational people need to know what to expect b. Satisfaction of taste and benefits of the customer 2. Distribution Efficiency a. Manage the service time of food b. The taste and freshness of food when it reaches to the customers 3. Awareness efficiency a. Hands-on manager who keeps an eye on the inventory and staff and uses her calculator and brain to make sure the food is priced fairly and b. prepared accurately and served efficiently 4. Market efficiency a. Observe the pricing of food 18 B. Budget Control 1. Check the financial reports every month of the year 2. Monthly monitoring of menu pricing to accommodate any inflation the restaurant is absorbing from its suppliers, or periodically discontinues menu items that are too expensive to make as a result of inflation. 3. Monitor the sales and markets of the company every quarter of the year 19 C. Appendices Places| Adobo Connection| Adobo Republic| Makati| 4| 2| Quezon| 5| 1| Mandaluyong| 4| 1| Pasig| 2| 1| Manila| 8| 1| Pasay| 1| | Muntinlupa| 2| | Las Pinas| 1| | Paranaque| 1| | Caloocan| 1| | Malabon| 1| | Calabarzon| 7| | Cebu| 1| | Taguig| 1| | Total Number of Stores 39 6 20

Causes And Effects Of Land Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

The object of this undertaking is to derive a more a holistic and deep apprehension of the Legal and Regulatory model regulating Land Pollution in India By looking into the beginning of Environment we understand how the society boulder clay day of the month has shaped and what is the Causes and Effects of Land Pollution and what contribution the Law has given. Another really of import object of this undertaking is to understand what the demand of Environmental Law in the society was. The method of research adopted is doctrinal in nature. I have referred beginnings on the net every bit good as a few books on Environmental Law available in the university library besides adding my personal positions and cognition of the subject. Land pollution is the taint of the Earth ‘s land surface through abuse of the dirt by hapless agricultural patterns, mineral development, industrial waste dumping, and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes. It includes seeable waste and litter every bit good as pollution of the dirt itself. Soil pollution is caused by chemicals in weedkillers and pesticides for agricultural activities every bit good as littering of waste stuffs in public topographic points such as streets, Parkss and roads. The accretion of waste is a menace to the wellness of people in residential countries and waste decays besides encourages family plagues and turns urban countries into unsightly, dirty and unhealthy topographic points to populate in. These jobs result in the loss of 6 million hectares of land each twelvemonth. It besides consequences in the loss of 24 billion dozenss of surface soil each twelvemonth and a loss of at least 15 million estates of premier agricultural land to overdrive and mismanagement every twelvemonth. Some steps of land pollution are through the instruction of people through runs, recycling to cut down wastes. Laws have besides been passed by authoritiess to cover with land pollution. When we hear a individual describe a topographic point as ‘dirty ‘ , what normally comes to our heads is the bad status of the topographic point. The topographic point, which could be your sleeping room, is imagined to hold apparels scattered on the floor and books unarranged on the shelf. However, I define the word ‘dirty ‘ in a more specific mode. ‘Dirty ‘ in my definition, means that there are rubbish or litter on the floor. This makes the ambiance of that certain topographic point unpleasant non merely to the oculus, but besides to the head. Land pollution is hence the soiling of the land. It comes approximately due to inconsiderate dumping of waste, littering and uneffective waste disposal methods. Mix of harmful substances with dirt is called land pollution. When the natural dirt gets assorted with the harmful and toxic elements due to assorted agencies, it pollutes the dirt and alters its original physical and chemical features. Animals waste excessively pollutes land. The consequence of such dirt pollution is rather harmful and unsafe on human life every bit good as on workss and animate beings. Soil pollution easy and steadily causes environment and air pollution as good by vaporisation of assorted harmful chemicals from the contaminated land. Polluted land consequences into farther pollution of workss and land H2O resources which finally leads to fouling full web of nutrient concatenation in the ecosystem.Chapter 1 Causes and Effects of Land PollutionPeoples across the Earth have been confronting a figure of wellness jobs caused due to the pollution of land, H2O and air. Talking about land pollution, it has some of the most annihilating effects on both nature and living existences. Land pollution is characterized by the taint of Earth ‘s surface, where worlds and other animals live. One of the major causes of land pollution is human activities. Given below is complete information about the chief causes and harmful effects of land pollution . AA1.1 Causes of Land PollutionThe disposal of non-biodegradable wastes, including containers, bottles and tins made of plastic, used autos and electronic goods, leads to the pollution of land. The procedure of mining leads to the formation of hemorrhoids of coal and scoria. When these wastes are non disposed through proper channel, they are accumulated and pollute the land. Industrial wastes are major subscribers of land pollution. Dumping of toxic stuffs such as chemicals and pigments makes the countries environing the industries, look really foul. Improper intervention of sewerage leads to the accretion of solids, such as biomass sludge. These solid wastes overflow through the sewerage, doing the full country expression dirty.[ 1 ] Population India is the 2nd most thickly settled state in the universe with more than 1 billion people.A This big population is besides an environmental challenge for the universe. Soil Erosion This is the biggest job. Wind besides aids in spread outing the ever-increasing desert conditions of the Rajasthan desert.A Similarly, many ports are now covered in sand for the same grounds. Deforestation Although the British started deforestation in India, the force per unit areas to overhaul since the divider of 1947 have merely increased the rates of deforestation.A The erratic growing of metropoliss and the rapid building of mills to assist feed the thirst for economic growing have come at the cost of India ‘s woodlands.A These policies non merely harmed the trees but the autochthonal peoples that had long thrived among the trees throughout India.A2. Effectss of Land PollutionAMetric tons and metric tons of domestic wastes are dumped every twenty-four hours. Since people do non follow proper methods for the disposal of such wastes, it leaves the topographic points look soiled and makes them unhealthy. Land pollution indirectly affects the respiratory system of human existences. Breathing in contaminated dust or atom can ensue in a figure of wellness jobs related to the respiratory system.[ 2 ] Skin jobs are frequently diagnosed due to set down pollution. It is said that the improper disposal of family wastes leads to allergic reactions on the tegument. Land pollution has been found as one of the prima causes for birth defects. Pregnant adult females populating in unhealthy and soiled environment can incur take a breathing jobs and a figure of diseases, which may impact the wellness of the babe every bit good. Land pollution has serious consequence on wildlife. Flora, which provides nutrient and shelter to wildlife, are destroyed. Land pollution frequently disrupts the balance of Nature, doing human human deaths.Chapter 2 Legal model regulating Land Pollution in India2.1 Policy under the Five-Year Plan. India ‘s development programs balance economic development and environmental concerns. The planning procedure is guided by the rules of sustainable development. There has been an evolutionary procedure for mainstreaming environmental protection in India ‘s planning procedure. The first formal acknowledgment of the demand for incorporate environmental planning was made when the Union Government constituted the National Committee on Environmental Planning and Coordination ( NCEPC ) in 1972. The concern for environmental injury came to the bow particularly during the Sixth Five-Year Plan ( 1980-85 ) , which contained a separate proviso for environmental debasement. Stairss were besides taken for H2O, air, noise, and land pollution.[ 3 ] 2.2 Fundamental law of India a ) The State ‘s duty with respect to environmental protection has been laid down under Article 48-A of our Constitution, which reads as follows: â€Å" The State shall endeavor to protect and better the environment and to safeguard the woods and wildlife of the state † . B ) Environmental protection is a cardinal responsibility of every citizen of this state under Article 51-A ( g ) of our Constitution which reads as follows: â€Å" It shall be the responsibility of every citizen of India to protect and better the natural environment including woods, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to hold compassion for life animals. † degree Celsius ) Article 21 of the Constitution is a cardinal right which reads as follows: â€Å" No individual shall be deprived of his life or personal autonomy except harmonizing to process established by jurisprudence. † vitamin D ) Article 48-A of the Constitution comes under Directing Principles of State Policy and Article 51 A ( g ) of the Constitution comes under Cardinal Duties. vitamin E ) The State ‘s duty with respect to raising the degree of nutrition and the criterion of life and to better public wellness has been laid down under Article 47 of the Constitution which reads as follows: â€Å" The State shall see the elevation of the degree of nutrition and the criterion of life of its people and the betterment of public wellness as among its primary responsibilities and, in peculiar, the State shall endeavour to convey about prohibition of the ingestion except for medicative intents of elating drinks and of drugs which are deleterious to wellness. † H ) The 42nd amendment to the Constitution was brought approximately in the twelvemonth 1974 makes it the duty of the State Government to protect and better the environment and to safeguard the woods and wildlife of the state. The latter, under Cardinal Duties, makes it the cardinal responsibility of every citizen to protect and better the natural environment including woods, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to hold compassion for life animals. 2.3 The Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986 The Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986 was introduced as an umbrella statute law that provides a holistic model for the protection and betterment to the environment. In footings of duties, the Act and the associated Rules requires for obtaining environmental clearances for specific types of new / enlargement undertakings ( addressed under Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 1994 ) and for entry of an environmental statement to the State Pollution Control Board yearly. 2.4 Hazardous Wastes ( Management and Handling ) Rules, 1989, as amended in 2000 Waste refers to a stuff that has no public-service corporation for a individual. Although natural waste can be disposed away and recycled or composted, it is the toxic, non-degradable waste of plastic and electronic goods that is going a climb job for India and other developing states. Besides the part of families, refuse is besides generated by industries, agribusiness and excavation.[ 4 ] The Hazardous Waste Rules applied to Management and Handling of 18 classs of wast like: Cyanide wastes Metal coating wastes Waste incorporating H2O soluble chemicals compounds of lead, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ba, and Sb Mercury, arsenic, Tl, and Cd and Sb Non-halogenated hydro Cs including dissolvers Halogenated hydro Cs including dissolvers Wastes from pigments, pigments, gum, varnish and printing ink Wastes from dyes and dye-intermediates incorporating inorganic chemical compounds Wastes from dyes and dye-intermediates incorporating organic chemical compounds Waste oil and oil emulsions Tarry wastes from polishing and pitch residue from distillment or pyro lytic intervention Sludge originating from intervention of waste H2O incorporating heavy metals, toxic organic, oils, emulsion and exhausted chemical and incineration ash Phenols Asbestos Wastes from fabrication of pesticides and weedkillers and residues from pesticides and weedkillers preparations units Acid wastes Off specification and discarded merchandises Discarded container line drives of risky and toxic chemicals and wastes.[ 5 ] The Problem of Disposal of Hazardous Waste and its Dangers The crisp addition in waste coevals is non matched by installations for disposal of risky waste. In India, waste is either burned or merely buried at a topographic point. The crisp addition in the quantum of generated waste and the unequal infinite for its disposal has led to improper methods of disposal. Consequently, jobs like taint of land H2O and increased air pollution have emerged as serious menaces to general wellness and life. The municipal workers are most affected people by the occupational danger ( jeopardy ) of waste managing ; they suffer from unwellness like oculus jobs respiratory jobs, gastro and tegument jobs.[ 6 ] While the improper disposal of solid waste can ensue in environmental and wellness jobs, the turning quantum of electronic waste poses a monolithic hazard to our ecological system.A Electronic equipment waste runing from personal computing machines, optical phonograph record participants and nomadic phones contains toxic stuffs like lead, Cd, quicksilver, fire retardents and leaching plastics. If this waste is left untreated in landfills or mopess ( as is the instance in India ) , it will ensue in irreparable loss to the life in the dirt, H2O and the ambiance, therefore adversely impacting human wellness and ecology. Peoples working in countries near to these landfill countries or countries where electronic waste is stored are in danger of terrible wellness jobs like harm to the kidneys, swelling of the encephalon, intervention with regulative endocrines, tegument jobs, malignant neoplastic disease and neurological and respiratory upsets. Indian Laws associating to Disposal of Hazardous Waste In India, the Environment Protection Act, 1986, authorizes the cardinal authorities to take all steps deemed necessary or expedient to protect the quality of environment and forestall any type of pollution. Hence, the Government of India has framed the Hazardous Waste ( Management and Handling ) Rules, 1989 and Hazardous Waste ( Storage Export and Import ) Rules, 1989 to modulate the disposal of risky waste in India.[ 7 ]These regulations make it compulsory for any organisation to seek the permission of the local province pollution control board for grant of mandate for transporting risky substances in the signifier of aggregation, response, intervention, conveyance, storage and disposal of such wastes. In recent opinion of Rajasthan High tribunal in the Suo Motu action taken against the disposal of Jaipur metropolis, Justice D. V. Singh held that right to life includes the right to nutrient, vesture, shelter, right to sensible adjustment to populate in, right to descent environment and besides right to populate in clean metropolis. Even in the instance of Municipal Council, Ratlam V. Vardichand[ 8 ], the instance which was the get downing point of environment law in India in which justness Krishna Iyer attributed the pollution free environment and public wellness with that of Human right facet. Judgment and determinations of the bench have proved that pollution free environment and clean metropolis is facet of Right to life. The Basel Convention Which was signed by India on 22 September, 1992, sought to modulate the â€Å" refuse imperialism † or â€Å" toxic terrorist act † , as it was called, indulged in by the Organisation for the Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) states towards Non-OECD Countries. The Basel Convention envisaged that in the beginning of twelvemonth 1998, there will be complete prohibition on exports of risky waste but it could non happen for obvious grounds. Besides so many of import clauses in the Basel Convention, the most of import one is that the state which is importing risky waste should hold installations to dispose of the waste in an environmentally sound mode. Concluding Legal Take Away Tip The authorities of India has proposed a new set of regulations called the E-waste ( Management and Handling ) Rules 2010. This provides for doing the manufacturer of electrical and electronic equipment responsible for the aggregation and appropriate disposal of e-waste generated at the terminal of the merchandise life.[ 9 ]Besides censoring the import of used electrical and electronic equipment for charity in the state, these new regulations besides aim to modulate non merely the manufacturers, but besides the recyclers and mediators. 2.5 A Law Associating to Bio-Medical Waste Management The infirmary wastes attracted the attending of the Supreme Court every bit early as in 1994 when a writ request was filed under Article 32 of the Constitution against the concerned governments to supply clean and wellness environment. Issue of improper infirmary waste direction was the Southern Cross of the instance in B.L. Wadhera v. Union of India[ 10 ] The tribunal gave series of waies. The most of import among them are: 1. All infirmaries with 50 beds and above should put in incinerators or any of effectual alternate method under their ain administrative control. 2. The incinerator or alternate methods should be fitted with necessary pollution control mechanism, approved and corroborating to the criterions laid down by the Central Pollution control Board. 3. The Central Pollution control Board and the State Pollution Control Boards should regularity direct its review squads in different countries to determine that the aggregation, transit and disposal garbage/wastes is carried out satisfactorily. Under the Indian Penal Code, 1860 a defiler of the environment can besides be punished if he does an act which causes any common hurt, danger of irritation to the populace or to the people in general so the act may be treated every bit public as defined under Section 268 and the wrongdoer may be treated punished under Section 290 or 291 of the Code, There are besides penal proviso under a state of affairs which either causes, or destroys, or diminishes the value or public-service corporation of any belongings, of affects the belongings injuriously as provided under the Section 426, 230, 231, and 432 of the Indian Penal Code. This otherwise means that if any individual who generates, collects, receives, shops, conveyance, treated, disposes or handles bio-medical wastes in any signifier shall be treated as a contravener of the above penal commissariats.[ 11 ] There should be concerted attempts of authorities for distributing the consciousness among the people about the importance of cleanliness and protection of environment through the communicating media every bit good as forming consciousness cantonments at local degrees.[ 12 ] Bio Medical ( Management and Handling ) Rules, 1998 The Bio-medical Rules came into being in 1998 through a presentment in exercising of the powers conferred by Sections 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986. Bio-medical Rules is the first of its sort of national jurisprudence in whole South- East Asiatic Region in relation to bio-medical waste direction. The definition of Bio-medical waste is really comprehensive and extended 1. National statute law is the footing for bettering wellness attention waste patterns in any state. There should be a clear appellation of duties before the jurisprudence is enacted. Unfortunately, Indian jurisprudence fails to come up to the criterion prescribed by the World Health Organization. The Committee on Solid Management[ 13 ]recommends that bio-medical waste should be refrained from throwing on the streets or unfastened topographic points every bit good as into municipal dust bins or the domestic waste aggregation sites. This means bulk of the establishments still managed to throw the bio-medical waste municipal bins near to their premises. So it can be said that arrant failure of the jurisprudence in implementing it. The Rules is really broad and includes the resident who generates bio-medical waste. The Rules which speak about puting up of incinerator or any other alternate mechanism in a infirmary. Let us assume that the all the infirmaries have set up the incinerator. Has the Pollution Control Board equipped with adequate substructures to look into and each and every incinerator of a infirmary in relation its operation and emanation criterions?[ 14 ] Merely by enforcing deadline sing puting up of incinerator even after it has been discarded by western states or any other methods. The incinerator should be used at it optimal flat otherwise the waste may non be treated decently. In a infirmary environment, engineerings like incineration fail because untrained janitor staff runs them. Most of the studies incinerators run at temperatures lower than those specified in the regulations. Due to hapless operation and care, these incinerators do non destruct the waste, need a batch of fuel to run, and are frequently out of order. If every infirmary has an incinerator ; decidedly it can non be used its optimal degree as the sum infective waste is less. This leads improper intervention of bio-medical waste. The consequence is obvious doing danger to human wellness and the environment By and large waste is disposed through incineration by heating minimal 1000 O C. Due to failure of continue supply of electricity the heat will non raise up to order degree. The consequence is non completion of disposal of waste harmonizing to the regulations. 2.6 The Municipal Solid Wastes ( Management and Handling ) Rules, 2000 This defined ‘municipal solid waste ‘ as ‘commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified countries in either solid or semi-solid signifier excepting industrial risky wastes but includes treated bio-medical wastes. ‘ Harmonizing to Purden & A ; Anderson, ‘refuse and solid waste are about the same thing, Garbage is nutrient waste, Trash and Rubbish are approximately tantamount footings ; they contain small or no refuse. Trash often refers to grass and shrubbery cuttings, documents, glass, tins and other family wastes.[ 15 ]Rubbis is besides likely to include destruction stuffs like brick, broken concrete, and discarded roofing and timber. ‘ It has farther been clarified that solid waste includes discarded and abandoned contraptions armored combat vehicle car, mine and industry waste, agricultural, lumbering, infirmary, research research labs and industries. Some industrial wastes are toxic or risky. It is of import to determine the nature of waste whether it is biodegradable or combustible in managing and disposal of solid waste. Combustion and landfill method of disposal farther gives rise to jobs like air, H2O and land pollution, impacting adversely the wellness of the adult male, and vegetations and zoologies. Apart from family, office waste, the waste from industries within the metropolis precincts have become a baleful job now-a-days. Waste from industries utilizing chemicals and synthetics, biomedical waste are risky or unsafe waste excessively. The Indian Penal Code and Solid Waste Management The Indian Penal Code of 1860 has dealt with solid waste direction under Chapter XIV ‘of offenses impacting the public wellness, safety, convenience, decency and ethical motives ‘ . Since, solid waste gives rise to assorted type of diseases and is unsafe to public wellness, it has been treated as ‘public nuisance ‘ and has been made punishable. But there is no direct subdivision in the Code which deals with the job of solid waste. Commissariats under the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 Section 133 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 trades with ‘removal of nuisance ‘ and empowers the Sub-Divisional Magistrate or any executive Magistrate, on having report/information, to do order to take the public nuisance and desist from transporting any trade, concern which is doing public nuisance. The Court have made usage of Section 133 of the Code widely to cover with the job of solid waste direction. In the celebrated instance of Municipal Corporation, Ratlam v. Shri Vardhichand[ 16 ]Justice Krishna Iyer declared that ‘aˆÂ ¦the guns of Section 133 spell into action wherever there is public nuisance. The public power of the Magistrate under the Code is a public responsibility to the members of the populace who are victims of the nuisance. ‘ If the order is defied or ignored, Section 188, I.P.C. comes into penal drama. It was further, observed that ‘imperative tone of S.A 133, Cr.P.C. read with the punitory pique of S.A 188 I.P.C. makes the prohibitive act a compulsory responsibility. ‘ The Court besides pointed out that Article 47 of the Indian Constitute makes it a overriding rule of administration that ‘steps are taken for the betterment of public wellness as amongst its primary responsibilities. ‘ Right to sanitation, decent and dignified life The tribunals on assorted occasions have declared in univocal footings that care of wellness, saving of sanitation falls within the horizon of Article 21 of the Constitution as it adversely affects the life of the citizen and it amounts to decelerate toxic condition and cut downing the life of the citizen because of the jeopardies created, if non checked. The tribunal have besides declared that it is a primary, compulsory and obligatory responsibility of the municipal corporations/ councils to take trash, crud, dark dirt or any noxious or violative affair.[ 17 ]The Pollution Boards and its officers have a basic responsibility under the Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986 to halt unauthorized motion and/or disposal of the waste. They are besides empowered to take action against mistaking industries and individuals. In Virendar Gaur v. State of Haryana and in many other instances, the Supreme Court has clip and once more declared that right to life under Article 21 encompasses right t o populate with human self-respect, quality of life, and nice environment. Therefore, pollution free environment and proper healthful status in metropoliss and towns, without which life can non be enjoyed, is a built-in aspect of right to life. A Landmark Case The Supreme Court of India in Dr. B.L. Wadehra v. Union of India[ 18 ], decidedly dictum that the ‘resident of Delhi have a statutory right to populate in a clean metropolis. ‘ Therefore, Municipal Corporation of Delhi ( MCD ) and New Delhi Municipal Council ( NMCD ) are under a statutory duty to scavenge and clean the metropolis and ‘it is compulsory for these governments to roll up and dispose of the garbage/waste generated from assorted beginnings in the metropolis. ‘ It was further observed that ‘non-availability O financess insufficiency or inefficiency of the staff, inadequacy of machinery etc. can non be pleaded as land for non-performance of their statutory duties. ‘ 2.7 The new Plastic Waste ( Management and Handling ) Rules 2011 New regulations in India have banned the usage of fictile sachets for hive awaying and selling nutrient and baccy merchandises, and both recycled and compostable bags used for transporting groceries have besides been banned. The new Plastic Waste ( Management and Handling ) Rules 2011 have non wholly banned recycled plastic bags, but in add-on to their limitations on transporting nutrient points, they must conform to a figure of other regulations laid down by the Bureau of Indian Standards, one of which provinces: ‘The plastic carrying bags shall either be white or merely with those pigments and colourants which are in conformance with the saloon prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards ‘ . Bags should besides be no less than 40 micrometers in thickness, duplicate the thickness required under old regulations. Officials hope the new regulations will accomplish thickness uniformity throughout the state.[ 19 ] Chapter 3 Suggestions In such instances one has to follow `cradle to sculpt ‘ solutions from coevals to concluding disposal of the wastes. This is peculiarly indispensable with the waste including toxic and risky wastes. To incorporate and command the job, there must be `awareness plan ‘ to cut down solid waste, to recycle the things if possible and to recycle the wastes like paper waste. Therefore, it deals attitudinal alteration amongst the people before we venture to beef up the bing Torahs and implement them efficaciously and expeditiously Recycle the wastes to retrieve energy and stuff. Separate risky waste from other beginning stuff for efficient handling. Incinerate or otherwise convert risky wastes to non-hazardous wastes. To promote recycling of stuff, some motive be given. Efficient Torahs entirely can non work out the job, unless we have efficient mechanism to implement, will of the authorities to implement and attitudinal alteration among the multitudes is needed Multiplicity of Torahs and countless governments can non get the better of such job unless people are made cognizant of the inauspicious effects of this job and they abide by Torahs with an purpose to safeguard the present and future coevals. Municipal corporation is a local authorization within the significance of `State ‘ under Article 12 of the Constitution and it is Statutory responsibility to roll up, shop, conveyance, procedure and dispose of the municipal dirty wastes and see the wellness & A ; hygiene of the populace is maintained. Report anyone who actively dumps waste to the appropriate governments. Reduce, re-use and recycle. Glass Bottles or jars can be reused or taken to a bottle bank for recycling. Metallic elements: Used aluminium and steel tins can be collected as bit and smelted for re-use. Avoid batteries. They contain a scope of metals but are hard to recycle. Plastics: Many drink bottles are made from a plastic called PET, which can be re-used. Vegetable Waste: A pail with a lid makes a good container for vegetable waste that can be on a regular basis added to the compost pile for usage in the garden. Attempts at single degrees should be promoted. Peoples should organize the wont of hive awaying waste at beginning in their ain houses and sedimentation such waste into the municipal system merely.[ 20 ] Decision A The apathetic Governmental attitude towards the disposal of waste is a job that has led to troubles in execution of â€Å" The Municipal Solid Waste ( Management & A ; Handling ) Rules, 2000 † as it has led to ignorance towards uncollected domestic waste. The waste processing and disposal installation has to be set up by the Municipal Authority on their ain or through the operator of installation, every bit good as they have to follow the criterions as specified under the Rules of 2000. The improper and apathetic attitude towards direction of Domestic Solid Waste has inauspicious effects on the society every bit good as environment. It is one of the biggest beginning of environment pollution. Land is polluted with the waste dumped upon it, makes the dirt infertile. contaminates the H2O organic structures, affect the aquatic life which through nutrient concatenation reaches the human being every bit good as in organic compounds. Due to the discarded plastics carry bags and ungathered waste there is drain choke offing which leads to stagnant H2O and becomes engendering land for mosquitoes and insects. All this happens because there is no proper direction and aggregation of solid waste which finally causes sedate menace to the human existences and animate beings life. With the turning population the immense waste is being generated twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. There is broad usage of plastics, advanced engineering and other mercenary things. This resulted in different features of waste which became complicated job for direction of Domestic Waste and disposal techniques. It is imperative that pressing stairss in this way should be taken up — non for treatment but as unusual pattern. The authorities and societal organisations should work hand-in-hand, round the clock and guarantee that the delicate balance in nature is non destroyed. Awareness programmes and engagement of the layperson in the cleansing procedure are really of import. Every individual should be made responsible for the harm to the Earth. Rather than speaking tall on the unfairness being done to earth, and poems being written on the earnestness of the issue, people all over the universe should fall in custodies for the interest of the Earth. Global engagement and action is needed.

Anatomy and Physiology Cells

This essay will outline the functions of the main cell components, these consist of the nucleus, nuclear membrane, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum both rough and smooth. Images: [3] Every human body has billions of microscopic units called cells. Cells carry out numerous of chemical reactions and processes that make up the essence of life. The structure of cells varies in size and shape and has different functions.There are four main features with in a cell and these consist of the cell membrane also known as the plasma, the cell nucleus which contains mature red blood cells, the cytoplasm and the organelles which is a â€Å"various component of a cell with a distinct structure and their own functions and can be likened to miniature organs. Organelles include mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes† [1] The nucleus is usually the largest structure inside the cell which con tains chromosomes which contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), this is the genetic coding material which determines difference characteristics.The nucleus main function is to contain instructions for growth, work and maintenance of the cell, it controls nearly all the activities of the cell. â€Å"A smaller, darker sphere is often visible, the nucleolus, this is a source of ribonucleic acid (RNA) one of the nucleic acids† [2]. When a cell is not dividing (known as resting) this is called the chromatin network and the nuclear material appears like a thick, triangle mass. When a cell is in the process of dividing, the chromatin network separates into distinct black threads known as chromosomes and there are 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human cell. The nuclear membrane is made up of 2layers, each composed of a lipid bilayer. It has holes all over which are called nuclear pores, to facilitate and regulate the exchange of materials, for example, proteins and RNA, between the nucleu s and cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. The inner membrane is linked with a network of intermediate filaments called nuclear lamina acts as a site of attachment for chromosomes. It also acts as a shield for the nucleus†. [4] The mitochondria are rod shaped or spherical shaped, they are very energy active cells.Each mitochondrion has a double layered membrane but the inner layer is folded at intervals, producing a series of ridges known as cristae which is where the enzymes responsible for the end stages of cell respiration. â€Å"The energy released from glucose is stored until it is needed by a chemical battery called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). When energy is required for building complex molecules or doing work like contracting muscles, ATP breaks down to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), releasing energy to build chemical bonds.The ADP is recycled, to be built up once more into ATP, using the energy released from glucose. â€Å"[3] The number of mitochondria in a cell depends on the amount of energy it needs to perform its function, for example the muscle cell will have a large amount because it needs a lot of energy. Images: [4] Lysosomes are very small vesicles produced by part of the Golgi apparatus. They contain powerful enzymes that destroy bacteria, protein, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids and other foreign materials and they release it outside the cells. ysosomes travel freely within the cell and by releasing their contents they can destroy old or damaged organelles and in some cases entire cells, like the clean-up crew of the cell that eliminate anything that has outlived their usefulness. The Golgi apparatus packages protein to deliver to other organelles or outwards from the lysosomes. This appears to look flattened, fluid filled sacs which are stacked upon each other. Images: [2] â€Å"The cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its con tents.Its function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell† (for example, gases and liquids), â€Å"while keeping other substances out† [6]. The cytoplasm is semi-fluid, gel like substance that gives shape to the cell. This where metabolism takes place and this accommodates cell organelles such the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), rough and smooth.The rough ER is studded with tiny black bodies called ribosomes and its functions are to manufacture cell proteins and act as a temporary storage area. Sometimes sugars are added to protein (glycoprotein) in secretions like mucus. The smooth ER has no attached ribosomes and is involved in the metabolism. â€Å"Smooth ER is important in the synthesis of lipids and membrane proteins. Rough ER is important in the synthesis of other proteins. Information coded in DNA sequences in the nucleus is transcribed as messenger RNA. Messenger RNA exits the nucleus through small pores to enter the cytoplasm.At the ribosomes on the rough ER, the messenger RNA is translated into proteins. These proteins are then transferred to the Golgi in â€Å"transport vesicles† where they are further processed and packaged into lysosomes, peroxisomes, or secretory vesicles† [5] The reticulum network fills the cell interior and channels passage ways for transporting materials to and from parts of the cell. Images: [1] Ribosomes what are studded all over rough ER. â€Å"A ribosome is a biological molecule made of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins (ribosomal proteins).The structure of a ribosome is complex, and it is responsible for making the millions of proteins that are needed by cells. Think of a ribosome as a small protein biosynthetic factory that translates the DNA genetic information into an amino acid sequence (the primary structure of proteins). † [7] A ribosome may be located in ma ny places within the cell. Some are in the cytosol and others are bound to cellular membranes. Membrane-bound ribosomes are responsible for the characteristic roughness of the endoplasmic reticulum when seen under a microscope.Reference: Images: 1. Anon. (undated) http://www. cellsalive. com/cells/er. htm [online] 2. Anon. (undated) http://micro. magnet. fsu. edu/cells/golgi/golgiapparatus. html [online] 3. Anon. (undated) http://scienceaid. co. uk/biology/cell/structure. html [online] 4. Michael W. Davidson (2000) http://micro. magnet. fsu. edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria. html [online] Books and internet: 1. Stretch B. (2010) Health & Social Care Level 3 Book 1: Anatomy and physiology for health and social care 2. Stretch B. 2010) Health & Social Care Level 3 Book 1: Anatomy and physiology for health and social care 3. Stretch B. (2010) Health & Social Care Level 3 Book 1: Anatomy and physiology for health and social care 4. Anon. (2008) www. biology-online. org/dictionary/Nuc lear_membrane [online] 5. Anon. (undated) www. cellsalive. com/cells/er. htm [online] 6. Regina Bailey (2012) www. biology. about. com/od/biologydictionary/g/cell-membrane. htm [online] 7. Paul Arnold (2009) www. brighthub. com/science/genetics/articles/22938. aspx [online]