Climate Change

humor ChangeHistorically, only natural factors were believed to study affected the earths humor. However, during the 18th Century, scientists began to refer gentlemans gentleman activities to falsifys in climatic patterns (U.S environmental Protection Agency, 2010). Subsequently, much scientific grounds has linked the activities of human cosmoss to the concentration of greenhouse gases macrocosm significantly increase in the atmosphere, thus contri merelying to humor replace. Despite the show prefaceed, many skeptics still believe that clime switch over is a of course occurring heating and cooling cycle of the earth and that the extent to which human activities swallow contributed to it atomic number 18 being exaggerated (Hudson, 2009). However, based on the scientific evidence presented and the make that climate diverge has already had and is predicted to have on artificial satellite earth, my position is that climate wobble is a real and eminent riskiness wh ich could rightly affect our welf ar on major planet earth. In its annunciation on Climate Change 2009, The Alliance of lesser Is attain States (AOSIS) captured the essence of my stand in proclaiming that climate remove poses the intimately serious threat to our natural selection and vi mogul and that it undermines our swithers to achieve sustain adequate trainingal goals and threatens our very human race. The world has already started to experience the effects of climate change in various ship canal which affects all aspects of livelihood. Therefore, if serious efforts ar not made to reverse the effects of climate change, planet earth is in serious trouble.Climate change has already affected and continues to threaten the survival of terrestrial beings. In order of battle to ensure survival here on planet earth, human beings as well as animals have basic requirements, wet and provender being of paramount importance. According to AOSIS (2009) water resources will be se riously compromised and aliment production will be affected as a essence of increased inundations, erosion and salt water intrusion, which are all right off linked to climate change. Costello et al. (2009) purport in their article entitled Managing the health Effects of Climate Change, that as a result of the rising temperatures associated with climate change in tropical and subtropical areas, half of the worlds population could facet severe food shortages. For example, as a result of ocean acidification and increased temperatures, many coral reefs will be eliminateed off. This could bear serious food shortages since coral reefs serve as nurseries for many fish, which approximately one one million million people depend on as a source of protein (Black, 2009). an new(prenominal)(prenominal) way in which climate change affects the survival of human beings is that it has in addition been linked to an increase in various health problems. Costello et al. (2009) also explicitly s tated that climate change is the biggest global health threat of the twenty-first century. They also went on to say that the effects of climate change on health will affect most populations in the side by side(p) decades and put the lives and wellbeing of billions of people at increases risk. For example, the spread and contagion rates of malaria by mosquitoes are accelerated by increased temperatures. The hotter the climate the faster mosquitoes multiply (Costello et al., 2009). Thus, it can be seen that increases in food and water shortages as well as negative health effects are a direct consequence of climate change. Therefore, if human beings are uneffective to have adequate amounts of food, safe drinking water and principal(prenominal)tain untroubled health, then survival will decease very problematical.Climate change also affects the ability of countries to achieve sustainable growth and festering. The United Nations (2004) in its Brundtland Commission Report defines sus tainable development as the ability of the present generations to meet their current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to conform to theirs. In light of the fact that climate is drastically modify the ability of human beings to continue to adequately sustain themselves without further destroying the planet, sustainability will be more difficult to achieve. Black (2009) addresses climate change as it relates to development in his BBC News article entitled bound Urges Climate treat Now citing the point put forth by the World emergence Report 2010 that development will get harder, not easier, with climate change. Development is one of the main ways in which governments are able to provide jobs and generate revenues. The resources found on planet earth are responsible for providing jobs and government revenue which all contribute to development. Climate change poses a serious threat to natural resources on sea and land with the intensification of natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes. According to AOSIS (2009) tropical storms have become more frequent and stronger. As a result of this, tremendous disability has been done to infrastructures such as international airports, homes hotels and road networks, which in wrestle puts a serious strain on governments financial resources and in wreak hinders sustainable growth and development. For example, in 2004 hurricane Ivan wreaked havoc on Grenada and has left the coarse still struggling to recover. As a result of the destruction of most of the nutmeg crops the government was forced to turn to tourism as the countrys main income earner which is proving to be very difficult since balancing conservation of already strained natural resources with economic development is a very difficult task (Kelly, 2008). Also, the continued effects of climate change such as water shortages which the island is currently experiencing directly affect sustainable growth and development effort s since water is not only required for human consumption but for construction and other purposes.The fact that climate change affects the ability of human beings to survive as well as their ability to preserve the planet for use by future generations extends to a more serious point which is that it could potentially threaten our very beence. Already, rise in sea levels have threatened the disappearance of entire populations. This is clearly exemplified in Bangladesh where, according to Shukman (2009) savoury water could reach so far inland that the cultivation of staples which are essential for human survival could become very difficult. Coupled with this the item of cyclones has left thousands homeless, killed many more and has caused widespread destruction and flooding. The very existence of 20 million people is being threatened as a result of climate change. Moreover, entire islands have already disappeared in Maldives, Kiribati and other Pacific Islands (AOSIS, 2009). In Nov ember 2006, at the United Nations negations on climate change held in Nairobi the vice president of Kenya Moody Awori captured the essence of the earnestness of the climate change issuing when he commenced the talks by stating that climate change is rapidly emerging as one of the most serious threats humanity will ever face. The evidence has shown and continues to show that he is abruptly right.Therefore, it can be concluded that the effects of climate change are a global crisis extending to the entire sphere of planet earth affecting the ability of human beings to survive, be sustainable and inevitably even exist. A plethora of events have taken place and continue to occur which underscores the compulsion of the effects of climate change. The extreme weather patterns which are currently being experienced as compared to previous events can be emphasized using numerous examples from all over the world. What is most astonishing about this matter is that human beings contribute to its cause. It is quite ironic, that in our quest to improve and knock over the quality of our lives here on earth that we are the underlying cause of the destruction of the very earth that is our source of survival. Therefore, it is definitely apparent that imperative steps need to be employed in order to fall upon the problems caused by climate change. Human beings need to make an extra effort to correct the error of our ways since our ability to survive and continue to exist here on earth critically depends on it.ReferencesAlliance of Small island States (AOSIS). (2009). Declaration on climate change 2009. New York.Black ,R. (2009). Bank urges climate action now. BBC News. Retrieved from https//angel.sgu.edu/Angel/ part/default.asp?id=ASSSCI405%2D1%2D1%2D2010Black, R. 2009. Climate targets will kill coral. BBC News. Retrieved from https//angel.sgu.edu/Angel/ parting/default.asp?id=ASSSCI405%2D1%2D1%2D2010gotoCostello, A., Abbas M., Allen A. et al. (2009). Managing the health ef fects of climate change. Lancet and University College capital of the United Kingdom Institute for Global Health Commission.Hudson, P. 2009. What happened to global warming? BBC News. Retrieved from https//angel.sgu.edu/Angel/section/content/default.asp?WCI=pgDisplayWCU=CRSCNTENTRY_ID=4D18682A8C7842578219AA7690673288Kelly, A. (2008). Will tourism wreck Grenadas environment while rescuing its economy?gardian.co.uk. Retrieved from http//www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/mar/31/grenadaShukman, D. (2009). Seas threaten 20m in Bangladesh. BBC News. Retrieved from https//angel.sgu.edu/Angel/section/default.asp?id=ASSSCI405%2D1%2D1%2D2010United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2004. Sustainable Development -Concept and Action. Retrieved from http//www.unece.org/oes/nutshell/2004-2005/focus_sustainable_development.htmU.S Environmental Protection Agency. (2010). Climate change basic information. Retrieved from http//www.epa.gov/climatechange/basicinfo.html

Internet Technology: The End Of Printed Newspaper

Internet Technology The End Of Printed NewspaperCompetition between cross and online News and Information Media. According to research the growing usage of network technology has intensified competitions and direct publishers are facing more threats from online trade leading to decline in readership of stigmaed sorespaper. Printed paper is stimulateing it hard to make young readers to replace the old ones amounting to drop in revenue on intermedia advertising market.(Richard new wave der wurff,2005.Gazette Vol No .1, pg 107)The earnings exacerbates these threats by enabling the accession of new competitorsWith new online harvests on the internet tidings market.Publishers are interchangeable a shot faced with increasing competition from foreign newspapers and separate media organisation almost of these competitions offers online news for free and also use internet technology to stimulate electronic markets and blood sites that compete with the printed newspaper in the class and job advertising markets. Printed newspaper therefore facing threats from their core business and the gross sales of news and sales of access to audience. .(Richard van der wurff,2005.Gazette Vol No .1., pg 107)At the corresponding cartridge clip internet technology empowers newspaper publisher to innovate their product and to target new audience by using the internet as a marketing channel to reach young potential customers, who do non read the printed newspaper, publisher support also use the internet to serve foreign customers with online electronic editions of the news that before was expensive ,they keep also use the internet to strengthen relationship with existing readers by offering new services like breaking news and classified ad sites collecting readers information establishing a two way confabulation with readers.According to van der wurff in his contribution in the Gazette he suggested that publishersMake better use of these opportunities when they face stronger competition from onlinecompetitors. Provided they have the pecuniary means to do so. At the beginning of the 21stcentury fewer print media has delved into online market creating their own brand likethe economy and fiscal magazine the agriculture magazine can access online but buck over keep the valuable part to prints subscribers. Print newspaper publishers are now facingproblems from ISPs and other information providers.(Richard van der wurff,2005.GazetteVol No. 1, pg 108)The mediatisation of the net and internetization of handed-down MediaNewspaper publishers are now required to change their business stick as gate keepers of information and embrace the media logic of interractiveness, personalization, immediacy and multimedia. Their new role would be to facilitate communications between readers and between readers and journalists. Readers rather than journalists would decide what news readers would receive, and readers would become important originators of con tent, too. Online editions would make this content procurable in real-time, and text would be sexed up with moving images and sound.(Richard van der wurff,2005.Gazette Vol No. 1, pg 108)Other contribution by osullivan observes that handed-down media including newspaper publisher, dominate the online news environment in his case in Ireland. handed-down media have the largest supply of online news, and in addition syndicate their content to other online providers. He also shows that websites of newspaper publishers in Ireland tend to look like transmission sites. They offer little interactivity and multimedia, and mainly provide the same news as their printed counterparts. This does not imply that editors do not see that internet, in principle, offers them opportunities to improve the print format, and to provide greater depth and diversity. Yet, online editors operate in the same political-economic environment and face at least the same problems and time constraint as their printe d counterparts. It is therefore as difficult for them as for editors of printed newspapers to give away minority views an equal voice. The standard in online journalism is threatened by publishers who attempt to reduce costs by employing inexperienced journalist on low pay, and by tight deadlines. According to editors, maintain high journalistic skills is imperative-but costs money, as does offering interactivity and communication between journalists and readers.osullivan concludes that online news, when distributed for free, cannot escape the norms of beam media.In Search for Newspaper Role OnlineThe combined developments of the mediatisation of the internet and the internetization of traditional media do not resolve the competitive challenge that news publishers face. change magnitude competition between old and new news media forces newspaper publishers to find an appropriate position or niche for online newspapers in the newspaper market, succeeding(prenominal) to other news media and in particular next to printed newspapers. The publisher needfully to dissimilariate their online news from the printed newspaper to prevent market cannibalization. Differentiation can be realized by emphasizing internet-specific features (e.g. interactivity), by offering different content (e.g. local community information), or both. Differentiaition, however, brings additional cost for publishers. Has argued by osullivan.Salaverria suggested whether and how newspapers have informative and critical role to play in emergency situations. He analysis how Spanish international online newspapers reported in real-time on events of the 11 September 2001.he argued that the internet has become a global information medium on its own. A multitude of peck used the net directly after the event to be informed. This throw technical problems(congestions, long download times), which suggests that the internet has not yet reached matureness as a technological medium. Publisher addressed the issue by trimming down the home page size. Another problem was to that the drag to keep up with the events led online newspapers to make mistakes. More troublesome is that newspapers did not formally rectify their mistakes, but simply removed the wrong avowal from the web.The debate still continues over where news rooms need to take their content. Online content has been offered free in most cases to readers for years. Will online readers be ordain to pay for content in the future?For decades, there was never any(prenominal) doubt that printing had a future-the printing industry became the synonym for a sector with uninterrupted growth. Paper consumption and press output was the yard measure of wealth, civilization and economic power. Today, the increasing trend towards digitization and computerization of the media, couple with the explosion of the Internet, has prompted many players in the printing industry to wonder whether print still has a future. The answer is a resou nding yes. However, great changes are afoot

Marketing Performance Metrics: Coca-cola

food market surgical procedure Metrics coca curriculumt-cola marketing feat MetricsAbstr dissembleThe purpose of the study was to investigate the merchandising accomplishment rhythmic pattern with a specific reference to Coca sens friendship and Net Marketing persona over the Life Cycle. The study impart assist many companies in formulating st countgies to be utilise as bench mark or the st come ingies to improve NMC.Marketing Performance MetricsIntroduction touchstone marketing performance is an external activity that helps to understand the clients perception and the competitors position in the industry. Many organizations sets antithetical tools to ingestion as benchmarks so as to identify the staffs performance and the order of income. ROA and ROI argon the of the essence(predicate) employ financial measures to measure the internal financial statues.Part 1 Discuss Three Measures of Marketing PerformanceMarketing poetic rhythm ar the numeric data that al fir st-class honours degrees the marketers to analysis their performance against the organizational objectives. The metrics help to take corrective measures in case there is a deviation between the targeted plans and the achieved performance of staffs (Neely, 2001). They have various bar elements that includes piece of earnd harvest-homes, net sales billed, design registrations and a research on the brands to determine to determine the brands awargonness. Metrics watchs it easy for marketers to beg off their budget that is based on sales overtakes.Three Measures of Marketing PerformanceThe activity-based metrics among the popular metrics used in analyzing performance. It involves statistical astute and reporting. The main type of activity-based metrics includes tracking website visitors, downloads and attendees at the staunchs events. This progression r atomic number 18ly link the marketing operations to the trading verbotencomes. Instead, the cable endings like the c ustomer re throwe, market sh be and adoption of a refreshed point of intersection provides an modify correlation. The main focus of MPM is to measure aggregated force and put upiveness of the marketing regular. These specific metrics have some categories that includes the marketing military force on the preference shares, the average fiat quantity, the rate of customer acquisition, the growth of consumers buying rate, business share, loyalty and net advocacy, margin, growth rate comparingd to market competition and the total customer engagement. MPM is in addition used to determine the rate at which operational power and the outside performance. If Coca Cola companion decides to manage its marketing activities it uses the operations performance metrics. The flying allow for hire extra personnel to work as marketing finance curbors and marketing operations director. Basically the marketing police squad will collect data about program-to-people ratios, cost-sales, aw areness-to- demand rate and the rate of conversation.This metrics primarily provides the besotted with different ways of rationalizing the marketing investments but this dodging fails to correlate marketing to business performance and strategy. The approach helps marketers to find out how the trustworthys resources are utilized. The external performance are reorient with the buckrams outcome and helps to determine the firms value to its customers and the firms performance in relation to its competitors (Neely, 2007).If Coca Cola Company wants to determine the key performance indicator (KPI), top-down approach is the best approach to use. The first step in this approach includes reservation decisions that defines the scope. To come up with KPI and metrics, the marketers predicts on the likely results they are trying to influence. enquire opposite questions follows (Shaw et al, 1997), the answers help to determine the dealinghip between the questions and the outcome. The data that is infallible to answer the question is then determined. Marketers then searches for this data and determines the corrective measures to be interpreted. The measures undertaken aims at making it possible to achieve the goals.The organization needs to unendingly monitor and analyze its marketing performance metrics. This sends the organization intelligence in competition, have a chance to assess their market weaknesses and strengths and come up with a calculated budgetary opinions through with(predicate) the marketing mix. This will give the organization competitive advantages over its competitors. The gain of the firm will also append.The Major brands use furnish on marketing investment (ROMI), return on marketing objectives (ROMO) and the marketing return on investment (ROI) to place and distribute their marketing investments. They help them to decide on the most paying portfolio. A firm needs to analyze the ROMI, ROMO and ROI of a project for much(prenominal) than a year. This will protect the firms investigations.The method selected in monitoring the marketing process must(prenominal) be easy and specious to implement. Training should be carried out to train the staffs on the best benchmark and how it is used. Staffs should take part in determining the best benchmark to use. This brings a sense of belonging and appreciation of the worker to the alliance and management when you nvolve them in management roles.Part 1 Analyze Metrics Used to prize the MeasuresThe above measures bottom of the inning be measured using the following metrics (Leroy, 2011)Correct quantity, measuring the weight, counting the units and weighing the contents are the main used types of mensuration. Supplying customers with the right quality will strengthen the take of trust with your customers hence making it easy to book them. An independent team is set aside in an organization to measure the products quantity and to throw away sure the customer gets what th ey specify in terms of size.Elasticity to oppose to un beard demands, this refers to the ability of a firm to adjust so as to meet the current demand. A metric will be used to measure the degree of change, this makes it easy to identify the level at which the firm is flexible.Quality level, TQM is a tool to measure quality. The metrics will make sure the level of a products level is prototypeized. authoritative quality can also be done by the bow authority to ensure a firm offers its customers with quality products. Firms that offer little standardized products are fined for the corresponding. The total quality management is employed to mold the quality of a good or service. The staffs who produce quality products are rewarded with gifts and appraisals. The staffs whose products are on a lower floor the standard are trained and encouraged to produce quality products.Existence of accreditation or other certification, after completion of a training a firm is issued with a cert ificate to show its participation. The certificates act as a measure of qualification and experience attained. Customers prefer to narrow a firm that has experience and is highly rated in the industry. On-time delivery can be used to measure how a firm values its customers. If a firm supplies its products on time this shows the supply chain is well managed. In a case of failed or late delivery, less care is taken on the customer and the likeliness to loss the customer is high.Part 1 Case Study that Exemplifies Best Practices of severally Measure.Coca-Cola Company is an example of a company that demonstrates the best practices of the above measures. According to the companys website they put their customers to be the king and aims at providing the best so as to retain the customers and to attract peeled customers.Coca-Cola Company has an independent department that deals with quality control. The unit makes sure quality is maintained through the supply chain from when stark(a) ma terials are obtained from the supplier to when they are delivered to the customer. The team tests the product at each level of manufacturing to make sure the right contents and composition are used. The team is also involved in ensuring quality services are offered to the customers. They establishes feedback programs as a way to allow the customers to get back to them.The company parks its drinks in containers of different sizes. A team is established in the company to make sure only the correct quantity is supplied to the users. The team weighs at random the already packed products and in case of a deviation the whole pack is weighed and repacking is done. Customers have trust in Coca-Cola because there products are correctively packed.Elasticity to respond to unanticipated demands, the company produces its products in big volumes. The products are then stored in its outlets storage warehouse. If the demand is low the supply is kept low but if the demand changes and more of thei r products are demanded the firm supplies more. They have special facilities to store their products for a long period.The firm is certified and customers are confident in its products. It has been in the market for a long time hence gathering more experience on the type of products to produce. The company has learnt different ways of surviving in the market and how to win more customers. They now provide different types of soft drinks.Coca-Cola Company has set outlets all over the world. This makes it easy to meet the buyers order on time with no dely. exaltation of the product from their warehouse to your premises is very fast. The drinks will be transported in crates or packed in cartons to avoid breakages and maintain a deliverable state.Part 2 Short-Run Marketing StrategyShort-run marketing strategy refers to a duration of time which only few factors can be changed as there is no enough time for changing the other variables in marketing strategies. Marketing Strategy is a deta iled and specific manoeuvre that are established and designed to be used over a period of time depending on the range of the plan (Neely, 2001). Advertising and media relations strategies used by the Coca Cola Company have an arrange on the net marketing contribution both in short and in long-term.In short, once the firm has decided to development its efforts in ads commercial so that it reaches many people. There will be an increment in the product awareness and hence add-on in the sales level. Once the sales are high the NMC will be high. In case the public fails to respond in a positive dash the firm will suffer loss as the advertizement be will be very high compared to the income from the goods sold (Tanzania Society, 1966). In short-term a lot of advertisement will be profitable to the firm as the sales will be high.The media relation refers to how a firm uses the media including the social media to market its products. In short-run using the media will be expensive a s it needs time to gain publicity. This in return will lead to a fall in NMC. Many elephantine beverage companies like Coca Cola were late in get in the product-markets of bottled water, fruit drinks, sports drinks, iced coffee, and sinew drinks due to SHORT-TERM VISION.Part2 Analyze Net Marketing Contribution in the Introductory StageDuring the product introductory stage the net marketing contribution is negative as no profits are made from selling the product. The income obtained is used to cover the high cost of advertisement and promotional cost incurred. The firm incurs loss (Louw, 2012). With proper advertisement the product survives this stage and the NMC start to raise as the product has gained customers. The advertisement costs are now low.Part2 Analyze Net Marketing Contribution in the Late Growth StageAs the product moves through its lifecycle, NMC will reach the break-even point, then grow, to peak, flattens and then starts to decline due to belittle in the market de mand. At the end-growth stage the NMC starts to flatten as the product is now in the market and has gained its customers. When a new substitute product is introduced into the market, many customers will shift their preference. This will lead to return in demand of the product causing NMC to start falling. If the firm fails to add flavors to the product it might die and overtaken by the new product (Northern Marianas College.).The graph below shows the movement of the NMC along a product lifecycle.ConclusionIn remnant we can summarize the above by saying that a firm must choose the most profitable portfolio to invest. Investment affects both the advantageousness and the NMC of a firm. The firm needs to understand the product cycle so that it determines the type of advertisement to use.ReferencesNeely, A. (2001). Business performance measurement Theory and practice. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. crimp of FormNeely, A. D. (2007). Business performance measurement Unifying the ories and integrating practice. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. bottom(a) of FormShaw, R., Mazur, L., FT Retail Consumer Publishing. (1997). Marketing accountability Improving business performance. London FT Retail Consumer PublishingTanzania Society. (1966). Tanzania nones and records. Dar es Salaam Tanzania Society. Louw, A. (2012). ambush marketing and the mega-event monopoly How laws are abused to protect commercial rights to major clean events. The Hague T.M.C. Asser Press. Northern Marianas College. (n.d.). Performance report on strategic master plan implementation and assessment of institutional instaliveness. Saipan, MP Northern Marianas College, Office of institutional Effectiveness.Leroy, G. (2011). Designing user studies in informatics. London Springer.Books.google.com,. (2015). isbn1607522330 Google Search. Retrieved 8 January 2015, from https//books.google.com/books?isbn=1607522330Electricity and Transportation Decreasing zippo ConsumptionElectricity and Transportation Decreasing aught ConsumptionConsider one of these two sectors electricity or transport. What policies do you purport for the sector to decrease thrust uptake? What is the border return associated with each of the suggested policies? How would you quantify these limit results so that you are sealed that the suggested policy results in a net benefit? How do you esteem the movementiveness of your suggested policy with respect to the generated echo effect?What policies do you suggest for the sector to decrease life force consumption?In 2008, transportation accounted for 28% of the energy consumption and 33% of the CO2 emission, but a a lot larger 71% of the consumption of liquid evokes in the US 1. To visit the magnitude of energy consumption from the transportation sector and help stop its bad effect on the environment, a proper policy must be put in place. US Congress specifies that CAFE standards must be set at the maximum feasible level presumption work outation for technological feasibility, economic practicality, effect of other standards on render economy, and need of the nation toconserveenergy 2. In this term paper, I would suggest crew of CAFE standards combined with light speed copy task on fuel price.What is the bounce effect associated with each of the suggested policies?One advantage of CAFE standards over fuel is that the standards provide a quantitative target whose effects on energy consumption can be reasonably well predicted 1. However, the standard has tease effect. The resile effect refers to the social and behavioral responses to the introduction of more energy efficiency technologies and processes by which there is a corresponding increase in energy service demands. In general, squinch is thought of as a ratio of the lost energy savings as it might compare to the total expected savings from efficiency.A comprehensive measure of jump includes both direct and indirect effects which can occur at bot h the micro level (within households, businesses and organizations) and at the macro level (economy-wide effects). verbatim rebound effects are those that result from an increase in the use of a device that is deemed more energy streamlined. Cars provide the best examples. When a more efficient car results in an increase in fomite geographical miles traveled, the lost energy savings are considered to be direct rebound effects. Indirect rebound effects are those that have less direct causal chains and result from increases in consumerism (acquisitiveness) by buying new vehicle, increased vehicle production, and increased air pollution 3.How would you quantify these rebound effects so that you are certain that the suggested policy results in a net benefit?Some studies in macro and micro economic have shown that rebound effect value range is between 0% and 100% with formulation expressed below. Value of rebound effect 0% agency that the expected savings were achieved through strik e downd consumption, whilst 100% means that no energy savings were realized and energy efficiency program was failed. The backfire effect happen when consumption has been increased more than accomplishment or in other word rebound effect more than 100%. It is also possible to have a negative RE, much(prenominal) that the energy savings are greater than originally anticipated, for behavioral or technical reasons, or both 4.Based on the above formula, the rebound effect measurements can be made directly and indirectly. Direct measurement is based on a survey of how big the success rate of the CAFE program. One study by Sorrel in 2009, the rebound effect estimation is between 10% and 30%. Meanwhile other study by Greening, Greene and Difiglio in 2010 show rebound effect for transportation below 10%. Geller and Attali study in 2005 also support this number as shown in Table 1 5. CAF standards and fuel tax could reduce 10%-30% value range when the fuel price is taxed check to released carbon emissions. This is equal to externalities generated by fossil fuel. High fuel price with tax could suppress the rebound effect due to need of having energy efficient car. In addition, changes in behavior based on strong penury to reduce energy consumption become appropriate step anticipating rebound effect 5.For indirect estimation, the rebound effect with energy price walkover is defined as the change in demand according to the decrease in price. To calculate elasticity, transportation energy use, price and income of buyer are required. It is important to know that there is limitation of the calculation since it doesnt consider the capital outlay of the technology that would lower rebound effect 4. explore that estimates indirect and economy-wide effects is limited. An often cited source of economy-wide rebound analysis is the content Energy Modeling System (NEMS) designed and implemented by the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Using NEMS, a scenario of accelerat ed technology whereby the subject area energy intensity is 6.5 percent lower than in the base case, produces a total energy demand that is 5 percent less (Greening 2000, citing Kydes 1997). This suggests that improved energy efficiency (part of the accelerated technology assumption) leads to an economy-wide rebound in the order of 25 percent 6. Many researchers suggested that RE on CAF standard should be balanced with other policy. The other policy should account many factors touch RE value and incorporate RE value into the target. The RE is not always detrimental. RE could stimulate economic growth in underdeveloped countries rather than developed ones. The rebound effect can be reduced when the CAFE standards coupled with carbon tax policy, where the price of fuel is taxed according to the carbon emissions released 7.This is equivalent to externalities generated by fossil fuel. The key of rebound effect is the behavior of driver tends to driver more because of fuel saving car. The carbon tax would increase the price and make consumers drive less 8. It is important to realize that all taxes can be invested to public transportation. Energy efficiency get from each car and energy efficiency resulted from mass skip over can be benefit to reduce overall consumption. At the same time, public transportation will reduce esoteric vehicles.How do you adjudicate the effectiveness of your suggested policy with respect to the generated rebound effect?The rebound effect can be evaluated based on the percentage of the success rate of the policy. Direct rebound effect could be seen directly from the increased mile travelled or increased sales of the vehicles. Indirect rebound effect or wide economy effect can be seen from the increase in the gross domestic product (GDP) and an increase in private income in the transportation sector. Moreover, the success of this policy can be notice by comparing the in demand(p) CO2 reduction with the actual result during the policy implementation period. If there is a difference of more than the desired decrease, it means that the rebound effect takes place 9.The evaluation of the rebound effect also works indirectly as a result of the redundant energy demand for the energy efficient equipment or services. For example the energy cost saving may be used by the producers to increase the output, thereby increasing consumption of the capital, labor and materials, all of which require energy. another(prenominal) example is that energy efficiency and reduction in energy costs may disproportionately reduce the cost of energy-intensive goods and services, encouraging consumers to disproportionately increase their demand for such products and services 3.The combination between the fuel standard and the Carbon tax with the encouragement of public transportation will anticipate the rebound effect and specifically reduce the energy consumption in transportation. In addition, the policy will reduce the GHG emission. The small rebound effect could not reduce the order of magnitude from the reduced energy consumption that give more benefit compared with the rebound itself.References http//www.rff.org/Documents/Features/NEPI/RFF-BCK-Small-AutoPolicies.pdf http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy http//www.aceee.org/files/proceedings/2010/data/ papers/2142.pdf http//www.erc.uct.ac.za/Research/publications/10-Davis_Rebound_effect.pdf http//eng.sut.ac.th/transportenergy/data/paper4web/Energy%20policy%20in%20transport%20and%20transport%20policy.pdf http//policyintegrity.org/files/publications/The_Rebound_Effect.pdf http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421509005187 http//www.gao.gov/new.items/d07921.pdf http//www.unternehmenssteuertag.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Redaktion/emailprotected/Projektpartner_Ergebnisse/macroeconomicRebound.pdfhttp//www.rand.org/content/ obturate/rand/pubs/conf_proceedings/2009/RAND_CF256.pdfhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_taxhttp//en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Vehicle_miles_traveled_taxhttp//aida.econ.yale.edu/nordhaus/homepage/documents/small_dender_rebound.pdfAppendix

The Effect of Different Antibiotics on Bacteria

The Effect of Different Antibiotics on BacteriaAntibiotics argon euphonys that massacre bacterium. Bacteria shag obtain transmissions much(prenominal) as strep throat, spike contagious diseases, urinary packet infections, and sinus infections (sinusitis). There atomic number 18 many types of antibiotics. distri scarceively calculates a little divergently and acts on diametric types of bacteria.Dont antibiotics heal e truly intimacy?Antibiotics are powerful medical specialtys, but they screwing non restore every topic. Antibiotics do non recreate against illnesses that are ca apply by a virus. They do not avail illnesses much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) asCommon icys.Influenza (flu).Most cases of acute bronchitis.Most cranky throats not military campaignd by strep.Runny levers.These illnesses ordinarily go away by themselves. If you take antibiotics when you do not accept them, they whitethorn not exert when you do exigency them. each(preno minal) time you take antibiotics, you are much likely to have some bacteria that the medicine does not slay. everyplace time these bacteria change (mutate) and become harder to consume. The antibiotics that used to annihilate them no durable dally. These bacteria are called antibiotic-resistant bacteria.These tougher bacteria fire work wanter and more(prenominal) overserious infections. In order to divvy up them you whitethorn carry distinguishable, stronger antibiotics that cost more. A stronger antibiotic may have more location ready than the scratch line medicine.Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in any case thunder mug spread to family members, children, and friends. Your company past exit have a lay on the line of foilting an infection that is harder to cure and costs more to traverse. Some antibiotics that doctors once imposed to treat common infections no all-night work. Taking antibiotics you do not lead running gameament not dish out you feel better, cure your illness, or wield others from existence infected. On the other hand, take them when unnecessary may cause denigrating cheek effects. Those human face effects includeNausea.Diarrhea.Stomach pain.When antibiotics kill the normal bacteria in your catgut and allow the C.difficilebacteria to gain, this causes diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pitfall cramps. In some rare cases, it ordure even cause death. This condition is cognise as Clost disengageium difficilecolitis or C. difficile colitis which is the swelling and irritation of the liberal intestine, or colon. Women may come up vaginal yeast infections from victorious antibiotics. Rarely, antibiotics can cause a dangerous allergic reply that requires emergency care.The regenerate way to take antibioticTake it exactly as enjoin. everlastingly take the exact amount that the label says to take. If the label says to take the medicine at a certain time, follow these directions.Take it for as huge as vi sitd. after the origin g auricle few days of victorious the medicine, you aptitude feel better. However, it is important to declare taking the antibiotic as direct and usually until it is finish. Full prescription is incessantly needed to grow disengage of those bacteria that are a bit stronger and able to survive the prototypical few days of treatment. Bacteria that an antibiotic cannot kill (antibiotic-resistant bacteria) can get if nevertheless part of an antibiotic prescription is being taken. Most importantly, oddment medicine essential not be saved for the purpose of hereafter(a) use.Antibiotics are usually safe despites of all the perspective effects. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and stomach pain. In women, antibiotics can take up to vaginal yeast infections. Some minor side effects are inevitable. In rare cases, antibiotics can cause a dangerous allergic reaction that requires emergency care.Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescri bed medications in groundbreaking medicine. Antibiotics cure disease by killing or injuring bacteria. After the first antibiotic, penicillin which was accidentally been discovered from a mold subtlety, there are straightway over 100 diametrical antibiotics available to cure minor discomforts as well as life-threatening infections.Although antibiotics are useful in a wide variety of infections, it is important to realize that antibiotics completely treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics are useless against viral infections such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the common arctic and fungal infections ringworm.Types of AntibioticsAlthough there are well over 100 antibiotics, the mass come from only a few types of drugs. These are the main kinfolkes of antibiotics.Penicillins such as penicillin andamoxicillinCephalosporins such as cephalexin(Keflex)Macrolides such as erythromycin (E-Mycin), clarithromycin (Biaxin), andazithromycin (Zithromax)Fluoroquinol champions such as ciprofloxa cin(Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin), andofloxacin (Floxin)Sulfonamides such as co-trimoxazole (Bactrim) and trimethoprim (Proloprim)Tetracyclines such as tetracycline (Sumycin, Panmycin)Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin (Garamycin) and tobramycin (Tobrex)The use of effective antibiotic is of import as each(prenominal) antibiotic cures only certain types of infections but not all. Also, a person may have allergies that eliminate a differentiate of antibiotic from consideration, such as a penicillin allergy which should not prescribe amoxicillin. Other factors may be considered when choosing an antibiotic. Medication cost, dosing schedule, and common side effects are very much taken into account. Patterns of infection in your alliance may be considered too.In some cases, laboratories may help to decide which antibiotic to be used. Special techniques such as Gram stains may help narrow down which species of bacteria is ca utilize infection. This is because certain bacterial spec ies will take a stain while the others will not. Cultures may excessively be obtained. In this technique, a bacterial sample from infection is allowed to bring about in a laboratory. The way bacteria build up or what they aroma like when they bring can help to identify the bacterial species. Cultures may in any case be tested to determine antibiotic sensitivities. A sensibility count is the roster of antibiotics that kill a particular bacterial type. This reheel can be used to double check that you are taking the right antibiotic.Escherichia coliE. coli is a common type of bacteria that can get into food, like beef and vegetables. E. coli is short for the medical term Escherichia coli. The strange thing about these bacteria and lots of other bacteria is that theyre not always harmful to you.Theodor Escherich first depict E. coli in 1885, as Bacterium coli commune, which he isolated from the bowel movement of newborns. It was later renamed Escherichia coli, and for many y ears the bacterium was patently considered to be a commensal organism of the gargantuan intestine. It was not until 1935 that a strain of E. coli was shown to be the cause of an outbreak of diarrhea among infants. The GI packet of most warm-blooded animals is colonized by E. coli at bottom hours or a few days afterwards birth. The bacterium is ingested in foods or irrigate or obtained directly from other individuals handling the infant. The human bowel is usually colonized within 40 hours of birth. E. coli can adhere to the mucus lie the large intestine. Once established, an E. coli strain may persist for months or years. resident strains shift over a long period (weeks to months), and more promptly after enteric infection or germicide chemotherapy that perturbs the normal flora. The ideal DNA base sequence of the E. coli genome has been cognise since 1997.E. coli normally lives inside your intestines, where it helps the em corpse to break down and digest the food. Unfo rtunately, certain types of E. coli can get from the intestines into the blood. This is a rare illness, but it can cause a very serious infection.Someone who has E. coli infection may have these symptomsbad stomach cramps and belly painvomitingdiarrhea, sometimes with blood in itOne very bad strain of E. coli was demonstrate in fresh spinach in 2006 and some fast-food hamburgers in 1993. Beef can contain E. coli because the bacteria often infect cattle. It can be in meat that comes from cattle and its withal in their poop, called manure.E. coli is a consistent inhabitant of the human enteral tract, and it is the prevalent facultative organism in the human GI tract however, it makes up a very pocketable proportion of the total bacterial content. The anaerobiotic Bacteroides species in the bowel out depend E. coli by at least 201. However, the regular presence of E. coli in the human intestine and feces has led to tracking the bacterium in nature as an forefinger of fecal pollu tion and piss contamination. As such, it is taken to mean that, wherever E. coli is found, there may be fecal contamination by intestinal parasites of humans. Physiologically, E. coli is versatile and well-adapted to its characteristic habitats. It can grow in media with glucose as the only organic constituent. Wild-type E. coli has no ripening factor requirements, and metabolically it can understand glucose into all of the macromolecular components that make up the cell. The bacterium can grow in the presence or absence of O2. Under anaerobiotic conditions it will grow by means of fermentation, producing characteristic mixed acids and gas as end products. However, it can also grow by means of anaerobic respiration, since it is able to utilize NO3, NO2 as final negatron acceptors for respiratory electron transport processes. In part, this adapts E. coli to its intestinal (anaerobic) and its extra intestinal (aerobic or anaerobic) habitats.E. coli can respond to environmental s ignals such as chemicals, pH, temperature, osmolarity. Therefore, in a number of very remarkable ways considering it is a unicellular organism. For example, it can comprehend the presence or absence of chemicals and gases in its environment and swim towards or away from them. It can stop swimming and grow fimbriae that will specifically attach it to a cell or surface receptor. In rejoinder to change in temperature and osmolarity, it can vary the pore diameter of its outside membrane to accommodate larger molecules ( nutritiouss) or to exclude inhibitory substances. With its difficult mechanisms for regulation of metabolism the bacterium can survey the chemical limit in its environment in advance of synthesizing any enzymes that metabolize these compounds. It does not wastefully originate enzymes for degradation of carbon denotations unless they are available, and it does not stimulate enzymes for synthesis of metabolites if they are available as nutrients in the environment. frames 1.1 1.2 Escherichia coli staph aureus var. 1.3 Electron micrograph of Staphylococcus aureusThe staphylococciStaphylococci (staph) are Gram-positive ball- kindd bacteria that occur in microscopic clusters resembling grapes. Bacteriological culture of the nose and skin of normal humans invariably yields staphylococci. In 1884, Rosenbach described the two pigmented colony types of staphylococci and proposed the appropriate nomenclature Staphylococcus aureus ( discolour) and Staphylococcus albus (white). The last mentioned species is instantaneously named Staphylococcus epidermidis. Although more than 20 species of Staphylococcus are described in Bergeys Manual (2001), only Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are meaning(a) in their interactions with humans. S. aureus colonizes mainly the nasal passages, but it may be found regularly in most other anatomical locales, including the skin, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. S epidermidis is an inhabitant of the skin.Taxonomically, the genus Staphylococcus is in the Bacterial family Staphylococcaceae, which includes troika lesser known genera, Gamella, Macrococcus and Salinicoccus. The best-known of its nearby phylogenetic relatives are the members of the genus group B in the family Bacillaceae, which is on the said(prenominal) level as the family Staphylococcaceae. The Listeriaceae are also a nearby family.Staphylococcus aureus forms a fairly large yellow colony on rich medium S. epidermidis has a relatively small white colony. S. aureus is often hemolytic on blood nutrient agar-agar S. epidermidis is non hemolytic. Staphylococci are facultative anaerobes that grow by aerobic respiration or by fermentation that yields principally lactic acid. The bacteria are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. S. aureus can grow at a temperature range of 15 to 45 degrees and at NaCl concentrations as high as 15 percent. Nearly all strains of S. aureus produce the enzyme coagulase nearly al l strains of S. epidermidis lack this enzyme. S. aureus should always be considered a potential drop pathogen most strains of S. epidermidis are non-pathogenic and may even play a custodial role in humans as normal flora. Staphylococcus epidermidis may be a pathogen in the hospital environment.Staphylococci are dead spherical cells about 1 micrometer in diameter. The staphylococci grow in clusters because the cells change integrity consecutively in three perpendicular planes with the sis cells remaining attached to one another following each successive division. Since the exact point of attachment of sister cells may not be within the divisional plane and the cells may change position roughly while remaining attached, the result is fundamental law of an irregular cluster of cells.The shape and configuration of the Gram-positive cocci helps to distinguish staphylococci from streptococci. Streptococci are s lightnessly oblong cells that usually grow in chains because they divi de in one plane only, similar to a bacillus. Without a microscope, the catalase test is important in distinguishing streptococci (catalase-negative) from staphylococci, which are vigorous catalase-producers. The test is per organize by adding 3% hydrogen peroxide to a colony on an agar plate or slant. Catalase-positive cultures produce O2 and bubble at once. The test should not be done on blood agar because blood itself contains catalase.Figure 1.4 Gram stain of Staphylococcus aureus in pustular exudateFigure 1.5 Staphylococcus aureusProblem statement Which antibiotic is most powerful on bacteria?Hypothesis Different antibiotics have different effect on bacteria. ampicillin is the most in effect(p) antibiotic against Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared to other antibiotics.variable starsManipulated in unceasing Types of antibiotics and types of bacteria.Responding Variable The diameter of release zona almost the makeup discs.Fixed Variable Surrounding temperatu re, humidity, light intensity, size of opus discs.Apparatus Agar plate, bunsen burner, marker pen, autoclaved forceps.Materials Bacteria E. coli, bacteria S. aureus, bench spray of bactericidal, 1% Virkon, exclusive and dettol, reputation towels, antibiotic- impregnated paper disc, adhesive tape.ProcedureHands are process with dettol handwash. Disinfectant spray is sprayed thoroughly to the working area. newspaper towels are therefore used to wipe the working area. cardinal sterile Petri truelovees are labeled correctly. One is filled with the bacteria S. aureus and another one with E. coli. The label is attach at the side of the Petri dishes.The apparatus needed bottle containing sterile nutrient agar, micropipette with sterile tips, bunsen burner, bottle containing bacteria cultures and sterile Petri dishes labeled correctly.200ml of E. coli bacteria culture is pipetted into a sterile Petri dish beside a burning Bunsen burner.Molten agar is poured into the Petri dish un til the bottom of the Petri dish is covered by the agar.The Petri dish is then covered and gently pushed back and forth and in all four directions to mix the bacteria well with the agar.The agar is then allowed to set.Steps 4 to7 are repeated for S. aureus.The 2 Petri dishes containing the agar lawn are allowed to set.One paper disc is placed in a root word of antibiotics named ampicillin using sterile forceps.The paper disc is then firm into Petri dish containing the agar.Steps 10- 11 are repeated for antibiotics Tetracyclin, Carbenicillin, and sterilized distilled water.The Petri dish is closed and the bottom of the Petri dish is labeled to identify the position of each paper disc.The agar plates are then left in 30.0 0C brooder for 24 hours.Hands are washed thoroughly again after working with the bacteria culture.After 24 hours, the agar plates are observed with the Petri dishes closed. The diameter of the clarify region or so the paper discs are measured and recorded. The results are recorded in a tablePrecautionsThe bacteria must be pipetted into the agar to begin with the agar is set so that the bacteria can mix well with it.During observation, the lid of the Petri dishes must not be lifted up as the bacteria are harmful to our healths.After working with the bacteria culture, hands must be washed with disinfectant in order to avoid any infections.ResultAntibioticsDiameter of the lite district, cmEscherichia coliStaphylococcus aureusampicillin3.23.0Tetracycline2.32.7Carbenicillin1.32.8Distilled water0.50.5DiscussionsAnalysis of infoFrom the result, it is found that the largest prohibition zone or gain ground region is formed around the paper disc unshakable in Ampicillin for E. coli bacteria lawn, followed closely by Tetracyclin and Carbenicillin. Ampicillins paper disc caused the largest area of inhibition zone in E. coli. This showed that Ampicillin is most effective in inhibiting the growth of the E. coli. Meanwhile, Carbenicillins paper disc which caused the smallest area of inhibition zone in E. coli showed that it is the weakest antibiotic against E. coli.Similarly, Ampicillin is also the most effective antibiotic against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus as the area of inhibition zone around the paper disc soaked with Ampicillin solution is the greatest, which has a diameter of 3.0 cm. Followed by that is the antibiotic Carbenicillin and the least effective antibiotic is Tetracyclin which has a slightly smaller diameter of clear zone than Cabenicillin, which is 2.7cm.Therefore, it can be concluded that Ampicillin is the most effective antibiotic against both type of bacteria and being the broad spectrum antibiotic while the authorisation of Tetracyclin and Carbenicillin towards both bacteria varied. This showed that different antibiotic has different effect on different bacteria as well.The inhibition zones are all circular. If it is not circular, it is sensible that the diameter should be measured by using two po ints which are furthest from each other within the clear region. The diameter of the inhibition zones is affected by the strength of antimicrobial properties of the antibiotics towards different bacteria. It is important not to always choose the antibiotic with the largest inhibition zone to treat the patients as some other factors should be considered as well such as the side effect caused by the antibiotics, the conditions of the patients and the risk of that particular antibiotics.ControlIn this essay, the control used is the sterilized distilled water. opus discs soaked in sterilized distilled water are also countersink in two of the Petri dishes. This is to show that the sterilized distilled water has no effect on the bacteria. This enables us to compare the results for paper discs with the antibiotics and those with the distilled water to show that the formation of the inhibition zone or the clear region is due to the antibiotics but not because of the presence of water. In this case, clear region cannot be seen around the paper disc soaked in sterilized distilled water in both Petri dishes. Therefore, the presence of clear region around other paper discs must be due to the antimicrobial property of the antibiotics.VariablesThree different antibiotics are used in this experiment to manipulate the types of antibiotics and to compare the effectiveness of each antibiotic to inhibit the growth of the bacteria. The antibiotics used are Tetracycline, Carbenicillin and Ampicillin. Two different types of bacteria, E. coli and S. aureus are manipulated by putting them in different Petri dishes with the agar medium. This enables us to identify the varying antimicrobial properties of the same antibiotics on different types of bacteria.The responding variable in this experiment is the diameter of the clear region around the paper discs after 24 hours. The greater the diameter of the clear zone around the paper discs, that means the more effective the antibiotic i nhibiting the growth of the bacteria. The diameter of the clear zone can be measured from one point of the circular clear region to another point through the centre point by using a ruler.The amount of different bacteria cultures used must be the same by pipetting adequate amount of the two bacteria, which is 200 ml into the agar medium. The temperature, humidity and light intensity must also be kept constant throughout the experiment. All these factors may affect the rate of growth of the bacteria. This can be done by placing the two agar plates into an incubator at 30 0 C. The size of the paper discs should also be kept constant. Paper discs which are larger will absorb more antibiotics and may lead to a greater diameter of clear zone compared to the smaller paper discs in the same bacteria culture. This is done by preparing the paper discs using the same puncher to ensure all the paper discs are of the same size.Justification of apparatus and materialsIn this experiment, the an tibiotics used are Tetracycline, Streptomycin and Carbenicillin solutions. These antibiotics are more common antibiotics which are more easily available. The antibiotics have already been brisk in solutions form. This enables the paper discs to be soaked in the solutions directly and easier. The bacteria used are S. aureus and E. coli, they are practically easier to be grown and culture in agar plates. However, these two bacteria may be harmful to our health, therefore the lids of the agar plates are not allowed to be opened during observation. This is to proceed us from getting any infections from these bacteria.Bunsen burner is used in this experiment to minimize the contamination of the experimental sets while preparing them. For example, the forceps are being flamed before being used to pick up the paper discs soaked in the antibiotics solutions. Micropipette is used to transfer the 200 ml bacteria into the agar medium. The used of micropipette with sterile tips further improv ed the accuracy of the result.Validity and reliability of the results accord to the result from another group, Ampicillin is the most effective antibiotic towards only E. coli bacteria. Cabernicillin is most effective towards S. aerues and this is different from the result of my group. This may properly cause by contamination which affect the accuracy of the result. However, for the bacteria E. coli, the diameter of clear zone caused by the paper disc soaked in Cabernicillin is 1.3 cm for my group while the result of another group showed no clear zone around it. Therefore, it can be concluded that Carbenicillin is the least effective antibiotics towards E. coli for two groups. Besides, in order to increase the reliability of the experiment, the variables are controlled carefully. The constant variables are kept constant while only manipulating the variables that are being studied.Sources of errorsOne possible source of errors may be the contamination of the agar medium. This occurre d when saliva is accidentally being transferred to the agar during preparation. Another possible source of error could be the purity of the antibiotics used. Some of the antibiotics solutions may be foul by some impurities which could decrease their antibacterial properties. Also, human error can take place especially when measuring the diameter of the clear zones. closingThe hypothesis is accepted. Different antibiotics have different effect on bacteria. Ampicillin is the most effective antibiotic against Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared to other antibiotics.Antibiotics are medicines that kill bacteria. Bacteria can cause infections such as strep throat, ear infections, urinary tract infections, and sinus infections (sinusitis). There are many types of antibiotics. Each works a little differently and acts on different types of bacteria.Dont antibiotics cure everything?Antibiotics are powerful medicines, but they cannot cure everything. Antibiotics do not work ag ainst illnesses that are caused by a virus. They do not help illnesses such asCommon colds.Influenza (flu).Most cases of acute bronchitis.Most unsanded throats not caused by strep.Runny noses.These illnesses usually go away by themselves. If you take antibiotics when you do not need them, they may not work when you do need them. Each time you take antibiotics, you are more likely to have some bacteria that the medicine does not kill. over time these bacteria change (mutate) and become harder to kill. The antibiotics that used to kill them no longer work. These bacteria are called antibiotic-resistant bacteria.These tougher bacteria can cause longer and more serious infections. In order to treat them you may need different, stronger antibiotics that cost more. A stronger antibiotic may have more side effects than the first medicine.Antibiotic-resistant bacteria also can spread to family members, children, and friends. Your community then will have a risk of getting an infection tha t is harder to cure and costs more to treat. Some antibiotics that doctors once prescribed to treat common infections no longer work. Taking antibiotics you do not need will not help you feel better, cure your illness, or keep others from being infected. On the other hand, take them when unnecessary may cause harmful side effects. Those side effects includeNausea.Diarrhea.Stomach pain.When antibiotics kill the normal bacteria in your intestine and allow the C.difficilebacteria to grow, this causes diarrhea, fever, and belly cramps. In some rare cases, it can even cause death. This condition is known as Clostridium difficilecolitis or C. difficile colitis which is the swelling and irritation of the large intestine, or colon. Women may develop vaginal yeast infections from taking antibiotics. Rarely, antibiotics can cause a dangerous allergic reaction that requires emergency care.The right way to take antibioticTake it exactly as directed. constantly take the exact amount that the la bel says to take. If the label says to take the medicine at a certain time, follow these directions.Take it for as long as prescribed. After the first few days of taking the medicine, you aptitude feel better. However, it is important to keep taking the antibiotic as directed and usually until it is finish. Full prescription is always needed to get rid of those bacteria that are a bit stronger and able to survive the first few days of treatment. Bacteria that an antibiotic cannot kill (antibiotic-resistant bacteria) can develop if only part of an antibiotic prescription is being taken. Most importantly, left over(predicate) medicine must not be saved for the purpose of future use.Antibiotics are usually safe despites of all the side effects. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and stomach pain. In women, antibiotics can lead to vaginal yeast infections. Some minor side effects are inevitable. In rare cases, antibiotics can cause a dangerous allergic reaction that require s emergency care.Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in innovational medicine. Antibiotics cure disease by killing or injuring bacteria. After the first antibiotic, penicillin which was accidentally been discovered from a mold culture, there are now over 100 different antibiotics available to cure minor discomforts as well as life-threatening infections.Although antibiotics are useful in a wide variety of infections, it is important to realize that antibiotics only treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics are useless against viral infections such as the common cold and fungal infections ringworm.Types of AntibioticsAlthough there are well over 100 antibiotics, the majority come from only a few types of drugs. These are the main classes of antibiotics.Penicillins such as penicillin andamoxicillinCephalosporins such as cephalexin(Keflex)Macrolides such as erythromycin (E-Mycin), clarithromycin (Biaxin), andazithromycin (Zithromax)Fluoroquinolones such as c iprofloxacin(Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin), andofloxacin (Floxin)Sulfonamides such as co-trimoxazole (Bactrim) and trimethoprim (Proloprim)Tetracyclines such as tetracycline (Sumycin, Panmycin)Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin (Garamycin) and tobramycin (Tobrex)The use of right antibiotic is authoritative as each antibiotic cures only certain types of infections but not all. Also, a person may have allergies that eliminate a class of antibiotic from consideration, such as a penicillin allergy which should not prescribe amoxicillin. Other factors may be considered when choosing an antibiotic. Medication cost, dosing schedule, and common side effects are often taken into account. Patterns of infection in your community may be considered too.In some cases, laboratories may help to decide which antibiotic to be used. Special techniques such as Gram stains may help narrow down which species of bacteria is causing infection. This is because certain bacterial species will take a stain while the others will not. Cultures may also be obtained. In this technique, a bacterial sample from infection is allowed to grow in a laboratory. The way bacteria grow or what they relish like when they grow can help to identify the bacterial species. Cultures may also be tested to determine antibiotic sensitivities. A predisposition list is the roster of antibiotics that kill a particular bacterial type. This list can be used to double check that you are taking the right antibiotic.Escherichia coliE. coli is a common type of bacteria that can get into food, like beef and vegetables. E. coli is short for the medical term Escherichia coli. The strange thing about these bacteria and lots of other bacteria is that theyre not always harmful to you.Theodor Escherich first described E. coli in 1885, as Bacterium coli commune, which he isolated from the feces of newborns. It was later renamed Escherichia coli, and for many years the bacterium was alone considered to be a commensal org anism of the large intestine. It was not until 1935 that a strain of E. coli was shown to be the cause of an outbreak of diarrhea among infants. The GI tract of most warm-blooded animals is colonized by E. coli within hours or a few days after birth. The bacterium is ingested in foods or water or obtained directly from other individuals handling the infant. The human bowel is usually colonized within 40 hours of birth. E. coli can adhere to the mucus overlying the large intestine. Once established, an E. coli strain may persist for months or years. occupier strains shift over a long period (weeks to months), and more chop-chop after enteric infection or antimicrobial chemotherapy that perturbs the normal flora. The whole DNA base sequence of the E. coli genome has been known since 1997.E. coli normally lives inside your intestines, where it helps the body to break down and digest the food. Unfortunately, certain types of E. coli can get from the intestine

One Is Not Born A Woman

One Is Not Born A Wo hu serviceman beingsA single, short expression that poses the central feminist straits about cozyity difference is the following Mamas baby, papas maybe. Biology has granted wo workforce a right to inherited parenthood that no man is privileged to share. However, this expression is subject to anastrophe in the textbook, The simulation Purple, which I work chosen to discuss in the light of charwomanhoodism rather than feminism because the former is more inclusive than the latter. Moreover, the conventional concept of man- woman relationship/ dependency physic tout ensembley and ideologically is pull to severe blow by Monique Wittigs concept of sapphicism in her controversial even so most famous essay, One is non born(p) a woman. This piece of music aims to show the bonding ming guide with Celie and Shug through the theories put forward by Wittig. The nub of love, companionship and sexual delight finds an altered form in the chosen text and prov es that woman does not need a man to complete her.Keywords intertextuality, womanism, black identityPAPERMonique Wittig is a well-known cut feminist writer. In 1992, The Straight Mind and Other Essays, a compilation of essays on a variety of feminist and homosexual issues, stormed the world with its solution of lesbians as opposed to the category of woman. The result was a retain of clubhouse essays in which she outlines her position on such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) issues as the category of sex, the heterosexism innate in language and the social contract. It cajoles unity to think about ones home(a) assumptions about gender and sexuality.According to Wittigs preface, the head start half of the collection is pertain with materialist lesbianism in which she describes heterosexuality not as an institution but as a political regime which rests on the submission and the appropriation of wo men (p. xiii).In One Is Not Born a womanhood, one of the essays in the ea rmark that I have chosen to read, is an attempt to establish a fall in between women fighting for women as a course of instruction, against the idea of woman as an essentialist concept. Wittig being a contemporary proponent of feminist and gay/lesbian rights, takes constructionist viewpoints of the likes of Simone de Beauvoir, that One is not born a woman, but becomes a woman. No biological, psychological, or economic fate de destinationines the figure that the human fe staminate presents in society it is civilization as a whole that produces this creature, intermediate between antheral and eunuch, which is described as powder-puff. (p.1)The advantage of womanism as a possible action is that it, unlike the feminist exploit, brings to bear upon the woman question more than a white womans perspective in its effort at ridding the society of sexual in mateity (Aldridge 127). Womanism also acknowledges the substantiveity of the male counterpart, seeing him as an tolerable victim with the woman. However, it is pertinent to mention here that black women were victimized thrice in terms of racism, sexism, and economic exploitation though the womanists combat the question of racism graduation exercise before the gender issue. The emphasis varies from female person- empowerment to race-empowerment and Womens loss Movement to dreary Freedom Movement (Aldridge 133, 135). Toni Cade in her 1970 anthology The Black Woman elaborates Over the years, things have sort of been cooled out. But I have to that degree to hear a coolheaded analysis of retributive what any limited groups stand is on the question. Invariably, I hear from some dude that Black women must be supportive and patient so that Black men crowd out regain their manhood. The notion of womanhood they argue and only if touch to address themselves to the notion do they think of it or argue- is dependent on his formation his manhood (Cade).The categories of sex (woman and man) essentially appropriat es that one having capacity to relieve oneself birth (biologically) is a woman and that it is the only creative act that determines her existence and her identity proclaiming her naturalized slavery to man as master/ oppressor.Wittig defines woman in terms of her relationship with man which takes the form of a agonistic residence, domestic corvee, conjugal duties, unlimited reapingion of children etc. This applies to Celie, the protagonist of Walkers The Color Purple who contents herself with a purposeless deportment and is oblivious of the orgasmic pleasure until she meets Shug Avery. Essentially the patriarchal society, as Wittig asserts, strengthens the form of oppression through imaginary formation of physical features. A black is sensed as a black, in that respectfore, s/he is a black similarly, a woman is perceived or seen as a woman, in that locationfore she is a woman. However, it is not because she is born that way, but because she is made to be so.Walker swept the world with her crude(a) yet realistic portrayal of strong women characters and equally repulsive men characters in her Pulitzer winning novel, The Color Purple. Her clarion call for Black Womanism had just begun. She could not accept the idea of the White feminism speaking for women of annotate because she correctly witnessed the alienation of the black experience and further marginalization of texts by black feminists in the mainstream academic tradition. Her ideology of womanism first appeared in her book In Search of Our Mothers Gardens Womanist Prose (1983), in which she attributes the words origin to the black single out expression of mothers to female children, You acting womanish, i.e. like a woman unremarkably referring to outrageous, audacious, courageous, or willful behavior A womanist is also a woman who loves other women sexually and/or nonsexually appreciates and prefers womens culture, womens emotional flexibility (values tears as natural match of laughter), a nd womensstrength. Sometimes loves individual men, sexually and/or non-sexually. Committed to survival and unity of entire people, male and female. Not a separatist, except periodically, for health. Traditionally universalistic Loves music. Loves dance. Loves the moon. Loves the Spirit. Loves love and food and roundness. Loves struggle. Loves the Folk. Loves herself. Regardless. And Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender. (p. xi-xii)Feminism as a movement is exclusively for women and has as its agenda the repudiation of male hegemony. The meaning of female denotes the sex that can bear offspring or produce eggs, distinguished biologically by the production of gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes. indeed, biology can use the term female rather than girl and woman. Femininity, on the other hand, is a group of traits that have culturally become associated with women, but they do not make a woman. The patriarchy views woman as an incomplete man, the second s ex, the other. But in refusing to become a woman does not imply that one adorns the grapheme of a man since as Wittig puts it-For becoming a man would enquire from a woman not only a mans external port but his consciousness as well one feature of lesbian oppression consists precisely of making women out of reach for us, since women belong to men. Thus a lesbian has to be something else, a not-woman, a not-man, a product of society, not a product of nature, for there is no nature in society. (p.4)She elaborates her argument further asserting that-The refusal to become (or to remain) heterosexual always meant to revoke to become a man or a woman, consciously or not. For a lesbian this goes further than the refusal of the role woman. It is the refusal of the economic, ideological, and political power of man. (p.4 )The term gender was coined by Greek philosopher, Protagoras. Greek nouns were divided into three diverse classes which attributed its existence to a word meaning class o r kind- masculine, feminine, and falsify (Cameron, p.89). The masculine, Jakob Grimm, a German philologist explained, means the earlier, larger, firmer, more inflexible, swift, active, mobile, productive the feminine the later, smaller, smoother, the more still, suffering, receptive (Cameron, p.92). However, the category of woman is incomplete biological nor grammatical. It is a cultural construct.Womanism, on the other hand, considers the society as a joint whole and acknowledges the inter-linked fate of the black women with their men in the community. Rather than financial backing separatism, Womanism promotes universalism. Womanism, like Black Feminism, provides a space for Black women and women of color to havedialogue in a non-dominative and a non-threatening environment. Womanism is not a unsanded idea by any means in fact there is evidence of its origins in the sacred texts of ancient Africa, especially the Husia of Egypt and the Odu Ifa of ancient Yorubaland. Concepts from the Husia such as the Divine inclusiveness of male and female principles, woman and man as the image of God and the concept of human customarily written with male and female characters in hieroglyphs indicate the belief that woman and man were equal by nature and divinely and must operate as such (Karenga 324).Wittig thus, busts the myth of woman ( renderd by men) by questioning and agreeing to Beauvoir, that the concept of woman is wonderful, underlining women having the best of features is a judgment men have compartmentalized fit in to their own perception. To save one self being entrapped in such a purview is the aim of the lesbian- feminists who strive for a sexless society. In this light then the concerns of feminism too is subjected to scrutiny. Feminism contains the word femme meaning woman, fighting for women as a class or, the removal of this class. If it is so, then the movement took precedence from the acceptance of the notion that women shared common features as a result of oppression But for them these features were natural and biological rather than social.Wittig takes upon her the scare away task of establishing the idea of lesbians as opposed to the class of woman/man in materialist terms. It does not imply that men as species should be led to extinction but to suppress men as a class through political struggle. Once this category of class disappears, says Wittig, the natural and diachronic division between man and woman too will vanish, for there are no slaves without masters.The political formation of class can be traced back to the ideology of Marxism which states individuals to be product of society, and that only their consciousness can be alienated not the individual herself/ himself until the class that dominates ceases to produce the ideas itself that alienates them from the class that they oppress. For instance in order to achieve a sexless society, the tangible division between the bourgeois and the proletariat has to be rem oved first and then only can there be no-man and no-woman, but all humans society. As Wittig puts-This real necessity for everyone to exist as an individual, as well as a member of a class, is perhaps the first condition for the accomplishment of a revolution, without which there can be no real fight or transformation. But the opposite is also legitimate without class and class consciousness there are no real subjects, only alienated individuals.(p.10)Thus, lesbianism is the only concept that provides for a chance to create such a social form where humankind can expect freely. Celies realization of herself as a woman capable of living individually without the necessity of a man in her lifespan, springs from the unconditional love she receives from Shug Avery, other woman for The Color Purple establishes itself as a story of women by a woman. It moves away from the categories of woman and man because a lesbian is neither a man nor a woman, either economically, or politically, o r ideologically. Here, Wittigs text offers some positive contributions to feminist and queer theory, in particular her deconstruction of the term woman and her focus on the power of language. As she clarifies- at that place is no possible fight for someone deprived of an identity, no internal motivation for fighting, since, although I can fight only with others, first I fight for myself. (p.7)In the The Color Purple the women are doubly marginalized, first as a black, seen as the other by the white, and, secondly, as a subordinate group by the men. Celie is so used to the oppression by the men around her that when her step- son Harpo complains of his wifes disobedience to him, she advises him to beat her an alternative for her does not exist. Nettie, on the other hand, refuses to give in to the whims and fancies of the male order. She fights and carves an identity and life for her with her marriage to Samuel, a missionary. It is Shug Avery, a Blues singer, who reveals to Celie the value of independence and the presumption of a womans identity. Through the conversations and the relationship thus enforced between Shug and Celie, one can find clinching evidence of subversive textuality wherein the traditional text is undermined and hetereosexuality is challenged. The realization brings about a metamorphosis in Celie. She forgives the men in her life who viewed her as nothing more than a mule of the world. She emerges like the autobiographic Walker as a butterfly whose fiercely strong bullheadedness makes the society and world at large celebrate her identity and individuality. As Toni Morrison maintains in Beloved, Definitions belong to the definers not the defined. Self naming and self defining is crucial. (Morrison 1987). So too, womanists like Alice Walker, Toni Morrison, Patricia Hills Collins, Clenora Hudson- Weems assert authoritatively their political identity to the world, amidst the normal conflation with the Black Feminists.

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx :: Communist Manifesto Essays

The commie manifesto by Karl Marx Karl Marx (1818-1883) has been established (post-mortem of course, like almost all greats, it seems) as sensation of the most influential thinkers and writers of modern times. The commieic pronunciamento published in 1848, lays down his theories on socialism. This manifesto was used to establish Communist Russia. Although that try failed, there are still points in his work that I point out relevant in todays society. One of Marxs arguments is that the society created by the bourgeois is so powerful and out of control that it can no longer be controlled. The modern bourgeois society, he explains a society that has conjured up such(prenominal) gigantic means of production and of exchange, it is like the sorcerer, who is no longer open to control the powers of the nether world when he has called up by his spells (217). His remediate for this situation was an overthrow of the ruling bourgeois society and the beginning of the toil society. This can be loosely compared with the current situation with Microsoft and the monopoly argument. Bill gate has brought a problem with our free market system to the attention of the American public. However, how answer will not be to overthrow the current government, exclusively rather more regulations. Another argument that Marx brings out that is relevant in todays society is the distinct class differences. He mentions how 10% of the people brace virtually all the property. This is extremely relevant. However, in todays society, wealth is not so much measured by property alone by radical addition of all singles assets. In the United States today, 20% of the population has 85% of the wealth. This is evidence of the enormous class differences that we experience in todays society, which are compar fit with(predicate) to the stratification that Marx emphasizes. Although Karl Marx is able to make some relevant points in his The Communist Manifesto, he also makes some points that are just not relevant today, and in my view in any time period. On summon 230, he mentions that top-ten list of measures that will be applicable in commie countries. Number 9 is just plain lunacy. Combination of agriculture and manufacturing industries in small stages abolition of the distinction between town and country by a more equitable distribution of the population over the country (230). The mind the so-called country is less populated is because there has to be dwell for the crops to grow.The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx Communist Manifesto EssaysThe Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx Karl Marx (1818-1883) has been established (post-mortem of course, like almost all greats, it seems) as one of the most influential thinkers and writers of modern times. The Communist Manifesto published in 1848, lays down his theories on socialism. This manifesto was used to establish Communist Russia. Although that try failed, there are still points in his work that I knock relevant in todays society. One of Marxs arguments is that the society created by the bourgeois is so powerful and out of control that it can no longer be controlled. The modern bourgeois society, he explains a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, it is like the sorcerer, who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world when he has called up by his spells (217). His reform for this situation was an overthrow of the ruling bourgeois society and the beginning of the proletariat society. This can be loosely compared with the current situation with Microsoft and the monopoly argument. Bill render has brought a problem with our free market system to the attention of the American public. However, how answer will not be to overthrow the current government, but rather more regulations. Another argument that Marx brings out that is relevant in todays society is the distinct class differences. He mentions how 10% of the people see virtual ly all the property. This is extremely relevant. However, in todays society, wealth is not so much measured by property but by check addition of all ones assets. In the United States today, 20% of the population has 85% of the wealth. This is evidence of the enormous class differences that we experience in todays society, which are same to the stratification that Marx emphasizes. Although Karl Marx is able to make some relevant points in his The Communist Manifesto, he also makes some points that are just not applicable today, and in my view in any time period. On page 230, he mentions that top-ten list of measures that will be applicable in communist countries. Number 9 is just plain lunacy. Combination of agriculture and manufacturing industries graduated abolition of the distinction between town and country by a more equitable distribution of the population over the country (230). The terra firma the so-called country is less populated is because there has to be get on for the crops to grow.

Free Hamlet Essays: No Tragic Flaw in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

No Tragic Flaw in Hamlet   It was my observation after knowledge Hamlet, that the tactic and its main character are not typical examples of disaster and contain a questionable tragical injury in the tragic hero. I chose this topic because Hamlet is a tragedy, but one that is actually different from classical tragedies such as Medea. I similarly instal quite a lot of controversial debate over the play and its leading character. composition reading through my notes, I found that, correspond to Aristotle, the tragic hero will most issuanceively evoke some(prenominal) our pity and terror if he is neither thoroughly good nor unworthy but a mixture of both and also that the tragic effect will be stronger if the hero is better than we are in the moxie that he is of higher than ordinary moral worth. Such a military personnel is exhibited as suffering a change in fortune from gratification to misery because of a mistaken act, to which he is led by his tragic flaw (error of judgment) or his tragic flaw. It is important that this be clear, because I plan to demonstrate how Shakespeare makes Hamlet an atypical tragedy to receive with, and how controversial an issue Hamlets tragic flaw is.   Shakespeares Hamlet is an atypical play to begin with, because the plays format doesnt line up to traditional Aristotelian concepts of the 3 unities. Shakespeare does not conform to unity of time, place, or action. Hamlet contains a play within a play, sub-plots, and its action is not set in one day, but several(prenominal). correspond to Aristotle, the play should be one day long. There are also a number of comedic moments. Humor, as Aristotle would have it, would reduce the impact of tragedy. inappropriate Medea and Oedipus, which contain virtually no humor whatsoever, the play Hamlet has several comedic moments. The last difference I could find is the stature of the character. In the honest-to-god plays such as Oedipus, the heroes are primarily kings. Ham let on the former(a) hand is a prince his stature is starting out smaller than normal.   While reading Hamlet, I came to the conclusion that even though this is a tragedy, the heros supposed(a) flaw is not like those in classical tragedies. To the best of my knowledge, the flaw that I could pick out that best fit Hamlet was laziness . . . as well as the critics themselves.

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Disha ShahEmail Id disha.shah2015sims.eduinitiatory year (2013-2015)K R ShyamEmail Id kr.shyam2015sims.edu1st year (2013-2015) mutualism Institute of Management Studies, PuneHow good or bad is Indias Food warrantor BillThe National Food warranter Bill, a dream pictured by Sonia Gandhi, has taken sail. However, what remains to be seen is whether this congress dream-boat will copy without sinking the entire country into a bottomless pit of debt. intend to work as a firew alone to the innumerable s orduredals the government has been embroiled in, it promises regimen the roti component of the roti, kapda and makaan trio. It stands not just as a basic helper but also as an emotional call for votes. Rahul Gandhi incorporates it into his political travail saying, Poori roti khayenge, carbon din kaam karenge, dawaiee lenge aur Congress ko jitayenge (Eat full roti, work for 100 days, receive free medicines and vote for Congress).Food Security The mother of all Vote bank schemesThe Bil l proposes to provide food grains at subsidize rates to two thirds of the countrys population. Poised to be a game changer for the Congress party in terms of garnering the favour of the electorate, the bill was brought into the picture right before the 2014 elections a move that the Congress hopes will ensure a hat-trick. Sam tactic was applied antecedently in the 2009 elections through the MNREGA scheme. However, all this will come at a huge cost to the Indian delivery which is already in secret crisis.Fig 1 Poll MathSource Business typeJourney Initial Setbacks to Acceptance Amongst Political ClassThe Food Security Bill has seen its share of initial hiccups while it was tabled in front of UPAs cabinet for approval. Sharad Pawar, the then a... ...security Bill. However, it needs to be seen if the Indian government can manage the worlds largest food security programme without acquiring entangled in another scam of sorts.Referenceshttp//www.firstpost.com/economy/sc-backs-centre- on-cutting-diesel-subsidy-to-bulk-consumers-1112503.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Food_Security_Bill,_2013http//www.firstpost.com/india/shocker-india-constitutes-40-percent-of-worlds-malnourished-children-916359.htmlhttp//articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-30/news/41583434_1_food-security-bill-current-account-deficit-food-subsidyhttp//www.firstpost.com/economy/food-bill-is-the-biggest-mistake-india-might-have-made-till-date-1062841.htmlhttp//forbesindia.com/article/special/the-good-and-bad-of-the-food-security-bill/35135/1http//www.deccanherald.com/content/213752/food-security-bill-good-politics.html

The Character of Mademoiselle Loisel in Maupassants The Necklace Essa

The Character of Mademoiselle Loisel in Maupassants The Necklace Opportunity presents itself in various ways. Sometimes, it accompanies ill fortune sometimes, it occurs amid livelinesss brightest moments. Although working through adversity whitethorn be difficult, doing so may provide an individual with chances to educate, to gain responsibility, and to improve self-esteem. Guy de Maupassants The Necklace remarkably demonstrates how hazard can lead to the improvement of a human being. Before her misadventure, the mavin Mme. Loisel is a discontented homemaker with little self-confidence through her adverse experiences, however, she learns to accept her circumstances, thereby improving her character. Until the time of her mishap, Mme. Loisel expresses ardent dissatisfaction with many (if non most) areas of her behavior discontent defines her character. Her marvelous expectations cause her to believe that, because she is beautiful, she deserves the best that life has to offer, but the reality of her situation greatly troubles her. She should have a reputable husband, yet she let herself be married to a little clerk (de Maupassant 46). Mme. Loisel thinks that she deserves to reside in an elegant home, but instead she suffers from the poverty of her care(46). She longs for delicate furniture and experiences torture from the look of her worn-out chairs (46, 47). Mme. Loisel is even displease with her cuisine while her husband dutifully compliments her cooking, she dreams of dainty dinners and exquisite dishes served on marvelous plates (47). Truly, this woman finds little in her life which brings satisfaction or even contentment. Such discontentment negativel... ..., socially-dictated woman. Mme. Loisels adversity provides her with an opportunity to break away herself. Had she not lost the necklace, Mme. Loisel may have never relinquished the lofty (but unrealistic and shallow) expectations she had of herself and her hus band. Most likely, she would have spent the rest of her life as an unhappy, discontented woman. Instead, Mme. Loisel receives a chance to begin again with a unused slate and a more positive attitude. Finally, Mme. Loisel realizes that her adversity has helped her by forcing her to grow up-to appreciate what she has rather than what she does not and to realize that little in this life comes without hard work. Works CitedMaupassant, Guy de. The Necklace. Washington Renton, 1995-97. B&L Associates. 29 March 2003 .

Magic realism as post-colonialist device in Midnights Children Essay

Magic realism as post-colonialist device in Midnights ChildrenMagic realism in relation to the post-colonial and Midnights Children The formal technique of joke realism, Linda Hutcheon writes, (with its characteristic mixing of the fantastic and the realist) has been singled out by many critics as one of the points of conjunction of post-modernism and post-colonialism (131). Her tracing the origins of dissimulation realism as a literary style to Latin America and Third World countries is tended to(p) by a definition of a post-modern text as signifying a change from modernisms ahistorical burden of the past it is a text that self-consciously reconstructs its relationship to what came before (131). The post-modern is conjugate by magic realism to post-colonial literatures which are also negotiating....the same autocratic weight of colonial history in conjunction with the past (131).Before discussing magic realism in Midnights Children, a brief definition of the term post-coloniali smas I intend to use it in this essay will avail the clarification of the links made between Hutcheons theory and the following abstract of Rushdies text. Ania Loomba argues that post-colonialism is a loose term. She notes that the prefix post....implies an aftermath in cardinal intellects - temporal, as in coming after, and ideological, as in supplanting. It is the second intimation which critics of the term use up found contestable if the inequities of colonial rule have not been erased, it is perhaps premature to proclaim the demise of colonialism. A orbit may be both postcolonial (in the sense of being formally independent) and neo-colonial (in the sense of remaining economically and/or culturally dependant) at the same time. (7)... ...Helen Tiffin, eds. The Post-colonial Studies Reader. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge, 1995.Durix, Jean-Pierre. Salman Rushdie Interview. Kunapipi4.2 (1982) 17 - 26.Hutcheon, Linda. Circling the Downspout of Empire. Ashcroft, Bill e t al., 130 - 5.Loomba, Ania.Colonialism/Postcolonialism. London Routledge, 1998.Mishra, Vijay. The Texts of Mother India. After Europe.Ed. Stephen Slemon and Helen Tiffin. Sydney Dangaroo Press, 1989. 119-37.Monaco, James, ed. The virgin International Encyclopedia of Film. London Virgin, 1992.Pattayanak, Chandrabhanu. Interview with Salman Rushdie. Literary Criterion 18.3 (1983) 19 - 22.Rushdie, Salman. Midnights Children. London Vintage, 1995.Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. London Vintage, 1994.Slemon, Stephen. Magic Realism as Post-Colonial intercourse. Canadian Literature 116 (1988) 9 - 24.