Aphrodisiac Activity of Vigna Mungo Seeds

Aphrodisiac operation of genus genus genus Vigna Mungo SeedsPharmacological Evalution of The Potential Aphrodisiac Activity of Methanolic and Chloroform Extracts of Vigna mungo Seeds in priapic Albino RatsRavindra Babu Sajja, Eknath Royal P, Suneetha B, Sunanda SABSTRACTThe typify moot was conducted to investigate the aphrodisiacal natural action of methanolic and put under rives of seeds of Vigna mungo (MEVM and CEVM) in antheral albino rats. The aphrodisiac activity of MEVM and CEVM wasevaluated by observing familiar behavioural parameters including cod oftenness (MF), Mount response time (ML), Ejaculatory reaction time (EL), Intromission latency (IL), Intromission frequency (IF), interpolation frequency (EF) and Post ejaculatory interval (PEI) and biochemical parameter like serum testosterone soaking up in male rats. both extracts were administered by word of mouth at doses of 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, showed a important adjoin (P Vigna mungo.Keywords Vigna mungo, Aphrodisiac, Flavonoids, Testosterone, knowledgeable behaviorINTRODUCTION manful in fruitfulness is a world-wide medical and social problem. In Homo sapiens, procreation is initiated by the mating of a male with a female in versed intercourse which facilitates the coming together of sperm and egg for the single-valued function of fertilization1. For there to be a conventionalism come aliveual intercourse and intimate fulfillment in males, the male intimate organs (the copulatory organ, the penis) and components relating to hard-on must function ordinarily. Inability to perform this function tack togetherively is a major problem facing the reproductive process. This is known as informal disfunction2.This condition which is of various types muckle be managed by the enforce of aphrodisiacs.An aphrodisiac can therefore be described as any summation that enhances sex drive or sexual pleasure. Aphrodisiac can in addition be viewed as any food, do drugs, scent or device tha t can arouse or join on sexual drive or libido3.Sexual dysfunction in men refers to repeated inability to achieve normal sexual intercourse. It can overly be viewed as disorders that interfere with a full sexual response cycle. These disorders make it difficult for a mortal to enjoy or to direct sexual intercourse. While sexual dysfunction r bely threatens physical health, it can take a heavy mental toll, bringing on depression, anxiety, and debilitating feelings of inadequacy. Unfortunately, it is a problem often overleap by the health c ar team who strive more with the good and more medic all in ally manageable aspects of the patients illness4.Sexual dysfunction is more prevalent in males than in females, It has been discovered that men between 17 and 96 years old could suffer sexual dysfunction as a result of psychological or physical health problems5.Male sexual dysfunction (MSD) could be ca utilise by various factors. These include psychological disorders (anxiety, str ained relationship, depression, stress and guilt), androgen deficiencies (testosterone deficiency), chronic medical conditions (diabetes, hypertension, vascular inadequateness (atherosclerosis, venous leakage), neurological disorders (Parkinsons disease, stroke, cerebral trauma, Alzheimers spinal pile or nerve injury), drugs (side effects) (anti-hypertensives, central agents, psychiatric medications, antiulcer, antidepressants, and anti-androgens), life style (chronic alcoholic beverage abuse, cig arette smoking), aging (decrease in hormonal level with age) and systemic diseases (cardiac, hepatic, renal pulmonary, cancer, metabolic, post-organ transplant)2,6,7.Vigna mungo most commonly known as Black universal gravitational constant or urad is an erect, fast-growing annual, herbaceous legume grows in many part of India. It is extensively cultivated all over the India. The seeds are emollient, astringent, thermogenic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, nutritious, galactogauge, appetizer, la xative, styptic and nervine tonic. They are useful in treating scabies, leucoderma, gonorrhea, pains, epistaxis, piles, asthma, heart trouble, dyspepsia, anorexia, constipation, haemorrhoids, hepatopathy, neuropathy, schizophrenia, hysteria, nervous debility, partial palsy, facial paralysis and weakness of memory. Seeds are believed as spermatopoetic, and used for treating cavernous dysfunction and previous(p) ejaculation8-11.In this regard, we on a lower floortook the present study on Vigna mungo which has been in use by the traditional healers. So far there is no systemic pharmacological study were carried out to investigate the aphrodisiac activity of genus Vigna mungo seeds in male rats. Hence, the present study was aimed to demonstrate the aphrodisiac activity of different extracts of genus Vigna mungo seeds.MATERIALS AND METHODSCollection of Plant materialThe arid seeds of Vigna mungo plant were procured from the local market of Hyderabad in telangana state. The seeds were a uthenticated by Dr. S. Madhav chetty, mate Professor, Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India.Procurement and Rearing of Experimental animalsHealthy wistar Albino rats of both the sex (200-300 g) were procured from Albino Research Center, hyderabad. They were randomly housed in monetary standard polypropylene batting cages and maintained under environmentally go overled room provided with a 1212 h clean-living/dark cycle approximately 25C for 10 eld before the perplex of experiment12,13. They were fed with commercially for sale pellet diet obtained from Amruth foods, Pranav Agro Industries, Sangli, India and water was go forthed ad libitum.The rats were acclimatized to laboratory conditions minimum one week front to the experimentation. The study was performed as per the protocols and recommendation of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (Reg No1662/PO/a/CPCSEA,2013) of Malla Reddy Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Secun derabad.Preparation of plant ExtractThe dried seeds of Vigna mungo was powdered and subjected to soxhlet ancestry with methanol, later the dried mark was subjected to soxhlet extraction with anaesthetize. Both extracts were concentrated by vacuum distillation and subjected to phytochemical viewing.Experimental figureHealthy and sexually experienced male albino rats (200 300 g) that were showing snappish sexual activity were selected for the study. They were divided into 6 groups of 6 animals each and unplowed singly in separate cages during the experiment.Group 1 represented the control group, which received 10 ml/kg of distilled water orally.Group 2 served as standard and was given suspension of sildenafil citrate orally at the dose of 5 mg/kg, 1 h prior(prenominal) to the commencement of the experiment.Groups 36 received suspension of the methanolic and chloroform extracts of Vigna mungo seed orally at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively, occasional for 21 dayligh ts at 1800 h.Since the male animals should not be tested in unfamiliar circumstances the animals were brought to the laboratory and exposed to film over light at the stipulated time of testing daily for 6 days before the experiment. The female animals were artificially brought into oestrus phase (as the female rats allow mating only during the estrus phase). They were administered suspension of ethinyl oestradiol orally at the dose of 100 g/animal 48 h prior to the pairing plus progesterone injected subcutaneously, at the dose of 1 mg/animal 6 h before the experiment. The receptivity of the female animals was affirm before the test by exposing them to male animals, other than the control, experimental and standard animals. The most receptive females were selected for the study. The experiment was carried out on the 21st day after commencement of the treatment of the male animals. The experiment was conducted at 2000 h in the alike laboratory and under the light of same intensity . The receptive female animals were introduced into the glass cages (40x50x40cm) of male animals with 1 female to 1 male ratio. The observation for sexual behaviour was immediately commenced and continued for world-class 2 mating series. The test was terminated if the male failed to evince sexual interest. If the female did not show receptivity she was replaced by another artificially warmed female. The pursuance sexual behavioural parameters were recorded on auditory sensation video-cassette (Sony Handycam) as soon as they appeared14-17Mount latency Time succession (in seconds) from the introduction of the female into the cage till the first circumstance by the male.Intromission latency Time duration (in seconds) from the introduction of the female into the cage till the first creation by the male (vaginal penetration).Ejaculation latency Time duration (in seconds) from the first institution till ejaculation.Mount frequencydefined as the number of mounts without intromission from the time ofintroduction of the female until ejaculation.Intromission frequency Total number of intromission preceding ejaculation.Ejaculation frequency The number of times there was expulsion semen by males after vaginal penetration characterized by rhythmic contraction of the cornerstone abdomen.Post-ejaculatory interval- is the time interval between ejaculation and the first intromission of the following seriesDetermination of Serum Cholesterol and TestosteroneAfter recording of the sexual behavioral parameters, blood samples were collected from retro orbital plexus, centrifuged and serum was separated, samples stored at-200C which was used for the testosterone level estimation by utilise ELISA kit. Serum cholesterin concentrations may be determined by the Chod-PAP method18,19. Briefly, 0.02cm3 of the sample (serum) is mixed with 2.00cm3 of workings reagent and the absorbance of the resulting mixture read after 5min at 546nm wavelength. The blank and standard are composed in a similar mode except that they are replaced with 0.02cm3 each of distilled water and standard solution respectively. The biochemical estimations were done using respective kits.Statistical analysisThe data obtained from this study were expressed as typify SEM, (n=6). Statistical analysis was done by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnetts test. PRESULTSThe preliminary phytochemical screening of both the extracts revealed the front end of active constituents which includes alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols and steroids (table-1).The oral disposal of two doses (200mg/kg, 400mg/kg) of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Vigna mungo seed resulted remarkable summation in sexual activity of the male rats. The results of the sexual behavior test shows that the extracts of genus Vigna mungo seed (methanol and chloroform) at the dose of 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, significantly increased (pvigna muno seed. slacken-1 approach phytochemical screening of MEVM and CEVM of Vigna mungo seed+ indicates the presence ++ indicates better responseTable 2 action of Methanolic and Chloroform seed extracts of Vigna mungo on sexual behavior of male rats.Values are expressed as mean S.E.M. (n=6).a= P b = P ML=Mount latency IL= Intromission latency EL= Ejaculatory latency MF= Mount frequency IF= Intromission frequency EF= Ejaculatory frequency PEI= Post ejaculatory interval MEVM= Methanolic extract of Vigna mungo, CEVM=Chloroform extract of Vigna mungo.Table 3 Effect of Methanolic and Chloroform seed extracts of Vigna mungo on testosterone concentration in male ratsValues are expressed as mean S.E.M.(n=6).a= P b = P DISCUSSIONMale impotence or erectile dysfunction (ED) is a significant problem that may contribute to infertility. The relative incidence of erectile dysfunction, probably due to aging populations and other risk factor much(prenominal) as the presence of chronic illnesses (e.g. heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitu s), smoking, stress, alcohol, drug abuse and sedentary lifestyles. A number of synthetic drugs are available for treating the infertility problems but because of their unwanted side effects folk remedies are gaining importance. Hence, the present study was carried out to investigate the aphrodisiac effects of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Vigna mungo seedin male rats.The preliminary phytochemical screening study of both the extracts revealed the presence of active constituents which includes alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, and steroids. It has been reported that steroids and saponin constituents found in the many plants possess fertility potentiating properties, and useful in the treatment of impotence20. The saponins may therefore boost the level of testosterone in the body as well as trigger libido enhancing effect observed in this study21. The presence of flavonoids in the Vigna mungoextract which has been implicated to have a role in altering androgen levels may also be responsible for the enhanced male sexual behaviour in this study22. The alkaloids can also cause facilitation of sexual behaviour and has effect on sexual behaviour23. The im canvassment in sexual function demonstrated in the current study might be due to the presence of such compounds in Vigna mungoseed extracts.In the present study the sexual behavioral parameters were evaluated to estimate the potency of the Vigna mungo extract. In male rats mount latency and intromission latency are considered as indicators of the sexual motivation, where as intromission and ejaculation are considered as behavioural indication of sexual transaction and facilitation24. There was a significant decrease in the latency for mount and intromission by the administration of various doses of seed extract of vigna mungo indicating an enhancing sexual motivation. The methanol and chloroform extracts have shown pronounced effect on sexual behavior by significant increase in attach frequ ency (MF), intromission frequency (IF) as compared to control. Mounting frequency (MF) and intromission frequency (IF) are considered the indices of both libido and potency. Increase in these frequencies by the administration of the seed extracts might be due to increase in the concentration of several anterior pituitary hormones and serum testosterone, which in turn worked up dopamine receptor synthesis and sexual behavior 25. Such increase in testosterone concentration should normally reflect a corresponding increase in libido 26.Hence, from these results the aphrodisiac effect of the plant extract may be due to the presence of alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids through a multitude of central and skirting(prenominal) mechanisms.In the present study there is a significant increase serum cholesterol concentration which may imply stimulation in the steroid genesis, that leads to increased testosterone concentration27. Such increase in testosterone concentration should normally refl ect a corresponding increase in libido26 .The present decision shows that the methanolic and chloroform seed extracts of vigna mungo produces a striking enhancement of over- all sexual performance of male rats. Our findings also showed that the aphrodisiac effect of vigna mungo seeds extract, investigated in male rats at 400 mg/kg, which significantly trim down ML, IL, EL and PEI with increased MF, IF and EF.CONCLUSIONOn the basis of our results the present study revealed that the methanolic and chloroform extracts of seeds of Vigna mungo showed the aphrodisiac activity and it is dose dependent in male rats. From this we conclude that the Vigna mungo seed extract may prove to be an effective and safe alternative remedy in sexual disorders..1